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2018

Archives Journal Construction Materials and Products Vol. 1

ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION

https://doi.org/10.34031/2618-7183-2018-1-3-33-42
 33-42 p.
Abstract
The main innovative technologies of construction 3-D printing in modern construction are considered. This direction of research confirms the relevance of the selected issue. Development of compositions for building 3D printing allows for construction of not only individual constructions, but also buildings and constructions in general. Experimental compositions with effective for building print supplements will receive enough dense structure of concrete are developed. To assess the use of quartz sand for use in 3-d printers studies were conducted of their basic properties. The role of additive technologies in modern construction in the construction of buildings and structures that will lead to future changes in the construction market.
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STUDY OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SOIL STRENGTHENED BY CLINKER WASTE

https://doi.org/10.34031/2618-7183-2018-1-3-43-50
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 43-50 p.
Abstract
The specificity of the construction of roads is the use of a huge amount of various stone materials - sand, gravel, etc. To reduce the cost of road pavements, it is possible to replace stone materials with local soils. Such materials do not need to be transported by road or rail. It is known that most soils cannot be used in the construction of the road bed (sandy loam and loam are light dusty and heavy dusty, clay dusty and oily), as their use leads to the appearance of various deformations of the upper layers of road pavement. This problem can be solved by strengthening the soil with various types of binders, in particular, clinker waste. When conducting experimental studies to assess the effectiveness of the use of waste clinker production to strengthen the soil the following compositions without using: soil and 9% waste; soil and 18% waste; soil and 27% waste were investigated. As a result of the research, the main dependences of the changes in the physical and mechanical parameters of the soil concrete on the amount of waste clinker production introduced into the composition of various types of soils were identified. It was found that the use of waste clinker production to strengthen the loam allowed to obtain a reinforced soil brand M20. Strengthening sand with clinker production without the addition of cement is not practical, as the samples do not gain even minimal strength for 180 days, which allows them to be classified by brand, in addition, such samples have extremely low resistance.
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INVESTIGATION OF INFLUENCE OF PLASMOCHEMICAL MODIFICATION ON MACRO- AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF SURFACE LAYER OF AUTOCLAVE WALL MATERIALS

https://doi.org/10.34031/2618-7183-2018-1-2-4-10
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 4-10 p.
Abstract
Studies of the high-temperature effect of a plasma torch on the formation of a multilayer structure of the protective and decorative coating of autoclave wall materials are presented. The tasks of the work included studies: a temperature gradient in a multilayer protective-decorative coating; chemical composition of the fused, intermediate and deep layers of the protective and decorative coating; influence of sodium liquid glass on the formation of macro- and microstructures of protective and decorative coatings under the influence of plasma; processes of thermal diffusion and redistribution of oxides in the fused, intermediate and deep layers.
It was found that when the plasma torch was treated with autoclave wall materials, the surface layer was heated to a depth of 3000 μm, and the maximum surface temperature reached 2000 °C. The pattern of the change in the structure of the fused and intermediate layer is revealed. It is shown that the preliminary impregnation of the surface of silica brick during plasma treatment due to the formation of a low-melting melt eliminates microcracks in its deep layers, and high plasma temperatures promote intensive evaporation of sodium and calcium oxides from the fused layer.
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PLASMOCHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF WALL BUILDING MATERIALS

https://doi.org/10.34031/2618-7183-2018-1-2-11-18
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 11-18 p.
Abstract
The aim of the work is to study the effect of a high-temperature plasma torch on the processes of phase transformations and layer-by-layer modification of the protective and decorative coating on concrete using as a filler a mixture of quartz sand and hollow glass microspheres. The main tasks included: investigation of the processes of evaporation and thermal diffusion of oxides of plasma-coated coatings; study of phase transformations in the melt and its subsequent crystallization in the process of rapid spontaneous cooling of the fused protective and decorative coating; study of the effect of sodium liquid glass on the processes of polymorphic transformations of alumina and the formation of micro-wicks due to the intense diffusion of sodium oxide; study of operational characteristics of protective and decorative coatings. It was established that the initial phases in the protective-decorative coating are α-Al2O3 and CaO∙6Al2O3 (β-Al2O3), and the liquid sodium glass in the coating leads additionally to the formation of Na2O∙11Al2O3. The top layer of the protective and decorative coating is Na–Ca–Al–Si glass with regions of heterogeneities containing an increased content of sodium oxide. The content of aluminum oxide in the protective and decorative coating based on the battle of high-alumina refractory was 95.1 %. The introduction into the coating composition of sodium liquid glass minimizes the processes of dehydration of the binding component and changes the chemical composition of the protective and decorative coating. Reduction of the aluminum oxide content to 83.0 % affects the microhardness indicators. Microhardness of the concrete surface due to the introduction of liquid glass is reduced from 2510 HV to 887 HV.
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INCREASING THE STRENGTH AND FROST RESISTANCE OF CERAMIC PRODUCTS AT USING MELASSES BARDS AS PLASTICIZER

https://doi.org/10.34031/2618-7183-2018-1-2-19-29
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 19-29 p.
Abstract
Ways of production of ceramic materials with use as the plasticizing additive of the sulphitic and alcohol bards (SAB), the calcium citrate filtrate (CCF) which is liquid withdrawal of production of citric acid in the microbiological way are known. However introduction to raw mix of CoB reduces forming humidity and fall of the formed products insufficiently, and an essential lack of FTsK is the low durability of products on compression with a big volume mass of samples.
In work the possibility of use as the plasticizing additive to a clay lot of withdrawal of the spirit industry – melasses bards is investigated. As a part of molasses the remains of amino acids and other organic substances which have the plasticizing effect on clay materials contain. On the example of natural clays of three various fields the plasticizing action melasses bards is proved, and the number of plasticity of the studied clays increases in direct ratio to increase in additive melassny bards in clay raw mix. It is shown that introduction to raw mix melasses bards leads to improvement of appearance of pottery, decrease in jointing, increase in durability for Veselovsky clay for 7%, for the Oryol clay for 67%, for Bessonovskaya – for 23%.
Research of the received ceramic samples on frost resistance according to requirements of GOST bards unlike the products which aren’t containing additive bards showed high frost resistance of products with additive melass. Also lowered decrease in durability and loss of mass of the samples containing additive melassny bards is noted.
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OPTIMIZATION OF RECEPTURAL-TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF MANUFACTURE OF CELLULAR CONCRETE MIXTURE

https://doi.org/10.34031/2618-7183-2018-1-2-30-36
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 30-36 p.
Abstract
Aerated concrete at the moment is one of the perspective thermal insulation materials. However, the production of high-quality aerated concrete products is associated with a number of difficulties, primarily related to the features of the manufacturing technology and, in particular, to the formation of its structure during the period of gas evolution and the impact on this process of a large number of factors. The best conditions for the formation of cellular concrete are created when the maximum gas release and the optimum values of the plasticity-viscous characteristics of the aerated concrete mixture are found. Achieving optimal conditions is extremely difficult, which leads to a deterioration in the physico-mechanical characteristics of the final products. One of the ways to solve this problem is to increase the amount of mixing water, however, along with a positive effect (reducing the viscosity of the system), this leads to a decrease in the gas-holding capacity of the mixture. In this connection, the possibility of increasing the production efficiency of the cellular concrete mixture by optimizing the recipe-technological parameters was considered. With the help of the method of mathematical planning, a three-factor experiment was carried out, as the factors of variation were: the duration of the preliminary aging of the mixture, the dosage of the blowing agent and the water-hard ratio, the output parameters were the compressive strength and the average density of the final products. The obtained results made it possible to reveal the regularities of the change in the output parameters from the variable factors and to establish that the preliminary aging of the mixture before the introduction of the gassing agent positively affects the structure and, as a consequence, the physico-mechanical characteristics of the final products.
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COMPOSITE BINDERS FOR FINISHING COMPOSITIONS

https://doi.org/10.34031/2618-7183-2018-1-2-37-44
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 37-44 p.
Abstract
Belgorod region is one of the leading regions in housing construction, especially private households. This is due to the high demand for finishing materials, in particular, dry plaster and putty mixtures, produced main-ly on the basis of gypsum. However, local producers of such products can hardly compete with imported products due to lower prices. The reason for this is the absence in Belgorod Region, as in many other regions of Russia, of gypsum deposits and, as a result, its rather high cost exceeds that of Portland cement. Such a situation makes the actual development of cement-based finishing mixtures, corresponding to gypsum consumer qualities. The main problems of obtaining plaster compositions based on Portland cement is its excessive activity, low water-holding capacity and, as a result, poor workability and adhesion to the base. The classic solution to this problem is the introduction of a fine component (clay or lime) into such a solution, which makes the solution suitable for plastering, but does not allow Portland cement to realize its strength potential, therefore, does not ensure the effectiveness of its use. Giving the cement-sand mortar the desired properties due to polymer modifiers (structuring and thickening) is unjustified due to their high cost and high consumption. In this regard, at this stage of research, the task was to obtain a mineral system based on Portland cement with properties maximally adapted to obtain plaster mixtures, in order to further produce its modification with the above-mentioned additives at their minimum consumption. Composite binders consisting of a clinker part and a mineral additive were chosen as a tool for solving the problem posed. Due to the choice of the ratio of components, their type and dispersion, processing modes, it is possible to vary the properties of the products obtained within considerable limits.
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FEATURES OF THE SELECTION OF THE RATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE COMPOSITIONAL GIPS BINDER

https://doi.org/10.34031/2618-7183-2018-1-2-45-52
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 45-52 p.
Abstract
The dynamically developing construction in the Russian Federation makes it necessary to expand the range of alternative types of binders and materials based on them. Such a binder is a previously developed compo-site gypsum binder (CGB), used for the production of materials of various functional purposes.
The manufacture and use of CGB-based composites was made possible by studying the Portland cement-gypsum-water system, the stability of which is ensured by introducing an appropriate amount of active mineral additives that reduce the concentration of Ca(OH) 2 in the liquid phase of the hardening system and create the possibility of hardening under certain conditions without dangerous internal stresses. In this paper, we consider the possibility of using composite gypsum binder for fine-milled quartzitic sandstone crushing dropout and concrete scrap crushing dropout as an active mineral additive. Rational compositions of composite gypsum binder are developed and their basic properties are studied. The reasonable choice of the amount of active mineral additive allows optimizing the properties of the composite gypsum binder.
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ADSORPTION OF SPINDLE OIL BY NATIVE AND THERMAL MODIFIED CHESTNUT TREE WASTE

https://doi.org/10.34031/2618-7183-2018-1-1-4-11
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 4-11 p.
Abstract
Adsorption is a widespread and effective way of treating sewage containing petroleum products. To implement this method, one of the best sorbents is activated carbon. However, sorbents based on activated coals are of high cost and require further regeneration, which significantly increases the cost of water treatment. In addition, during the regeneration of such sorption materials secondary toxic waste is formed, which also create environmental problems. Therefore, the development of new efficient and inexpensive sorption materials, especially on the base of a variety of wastes, is an urgent task.
For research, we used tree waste of the genus of horse chestnut (Latin Aésculus hippocastanum L.). Horse chestnut is widespread in the midland of the Russian Federation, CIS countries, Southern Europe. According to municipal services about 5.000 chestnut trees grow on the territory of a city with a population of about 400.000 people and tree waste of the trees covering streets and square every year. Tree waste is nowhere used and removed to landfills.
Extraction of I-20A spindle oil from model emulsions by native and thermal modified chestnut tree waste as a sorption material in industry was carried out because this oil is a widely used petroleum product. The physicochemical properties of tree waste, such as bulk density, humidity, ash content, pH of aqueous extract, specific surface area are studied.
Before extraction, the chestnut tree waste was ground to a size of 3-5 mm. Thermal treatment was carried out in a drying cabinet of the type SNOL and muffle furnace in the temperature range 100-500 C. It is established that during the thermal treatment the specific surface area of the sorption material increases from 2.6 to 27.9 m2/ g. The surface of micro relief structure changes in the direction of increasing roughness and defectiveness; sorption material acquires hydrophobic properties. The recommended thermal treatment temperature is 200 C. The efficiency of cleaning model emulsions is 91%.
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STUDY OF SORPTION OF NICKEL ION WITH FIBROUS ADSORBENTS

https://doi.org/10.34031/2618-7183-2018-1-1-12-20
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 12-20 p.
Abstract
Technological processes of processing of metal products and galvanic production are characterized by large volumes of wastewater containing ions of heavy metals, in particular as a result of Nickel plating products in wastewater in the predominant amount fall ions Ni2+. To assess the possibility of removing pollution from this type of wastewater, the process of adsorption purification of model Nickel-containing wastewater was investigated. As adsorbents modified nitrogen-containing polyvinyl alcohol, polycaproamide, hydrocellulose fiber were used. Modification of this type of fibers allows fixing functionally active groups on the surface of adsorbent. It is established that the fibrous adsorbents have a high adsorption capacity towards Nickel ion(II), the magnitude of adsorption is in the range of 80-100 mg/g. The predominant mechanism is monomolecular chemisorption. Adsorption proceeds at high speeds, the balance is achieved in the first 20 minutes of the process. The effect of pH on complex formation in the phase of adsorbents is revealed. It is shown that in a strongly acidic medium the purification efficiency is small, the increase in pH leads to increased adsorption properties of fibers. The optimal value of the acidity of the solution are pH values above 5. A decrease in the amount of coordinated nitrogen with an increase in pH was determined. In assessing the selectivity of fibers with respect to Ni2+ in the presence of Zn2+ and Cu2+, the influence of matrix polymer effect was revealed. Adsorption on polyvinyl alcohol and polycaproamide fibers showed that the influence of zinc ions(II) on the adsorption of Nickel (II) increases with its concentration in the solution, and hydrate cellulose fiber has a higher selectivity with respect to Zn2+ion. The presence of Cu2+ leads to a significant decrease in the efficiency of model wastewater treatment from Nickel ions (II) on all types of adsorbents studied.
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