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English
The study investigates patterns in the formation of the structure and properties of calcareous-ash mortars modified with silica rock opoka and recycled basalt fiber. The research goal was to establish the relationship between the composition, pore structure, and thermophysical and physico-mechanical characteristics of the material.
The raw components used included lime, fly ash, granulated blast furnace slag, opoka, quartz sand, and recycled basalt fiber obtained from spent mineral wool substrate after heat treatment. The conducted studies involved the determination of density, compressive and bending strength, thermal conductivity, shrinkage strain, and microstructure.
The introduction of opoka was found to contribute to the formation of a microporous structure, providing a 20-35% reduction in average density and a decrease in thermal conductivity to 40-55%. Recycled basalt fiber reduced shrinkage strain and improved crack resistance by stabilizing the pore matrix structure. The study showed that synergetic interaction of components leads to the formation of a hierarchical structure providing the optimal combination of strength and thermophysical characteristics.
The optimal density range achieving the best balance of properties has been determined (1,400–1,600 kg/m³).
The raw components used included lime, fly ash, granulated blast furnace slag, opoka, quartz sand, and recycled basalt fiber obtained from spent mineral wool substrate after heat treatment. The conducted studies involved the determination of density, compressive and bending strength, thermal conductivity, shrinkage strain, and microstructure.
The introduction of opoka was found to contribute to the formation of a microporous structure, providing a 20-35% reduction in average density and a decrease in thermal conductivity to 40-55%. Recycled basalt fiber reduced shrinkage strain and improved crack resistance by stabilizing the pore matrix structure. The study showed that synergetic interaction of components leads to the formation of a hierarchical structure providing the optimal combination of strength and thermophysical characteristics.
The optimal density range achieving the best balance of properties has been determined (1,400–1,600 kg/m³).
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2. Ghosh A., Ghosh A., Neogi S. Reuse of fly ash and bottom ash in mortars with improved thermal insulation properties for buildings. Heliyon. 2018. 4 (11). P. e00881. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00934
3. Khushefati W.H., Demirboğa R., Farhan K.Z. Assessment of factors impacting thermal conductivity of cementitious composites—a review. Cleaner Materials. 2022. 5. P. 100127. DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2022.100127.
4. Asadi I., Ji G., Baghban M.H. Evaluating the effective thermal conductivity of cement mortar through X-ray scanning. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 2023. 41. P.102686.
5. Shafigh P., Asadi I., Akhiani A.R., Mahyuddin N.B., Hashemi M. Thermal properties of cement mortar with different mix proportions. Materiales de Construcción. 2020. 70 (339) P. e224. DOI: 10.3989/mc.2020.09219
6. Malathy R., Shanmugam R., Dhamotharan D., Kamaraj D., Prabakaran M., Kim J. Lime based concrete and mortar enhanced with pozzolanic materials – state of art. Construction and Building Materials. 2023. 390. 131415.
7. Silva B.A., Guerreiro E., Duarte A.P.C.. Comparative study of lime-based mortars for conservation and restoration interventions. Construction and Building Materials. 2025. 499. P. 143956.
8. Demircan R.K., Kaplan G., Çelik D.N. High-temperature-resistant restoration mortar with fly ash and GGBFS. Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials. 2022. 11 (6). P. 418 – 438. DOI: 10.1080/21650373.2021.1992682
9. Illampas R., Rigopoulos I., Ioannou I. Development and performance evaluation of a novel high-ductility fiber-reinforced lime-pozzolana matrix for textile-reinforced mortar masonry strengthening applications. Materials and Structures. 2024. 57. P. 75. DOI: 10.1617/s11527-024-02340-y
10. Villanueva P.B., Prieto Barrio M.I., Cobo Escamilla A., González García M.N., Vázquez Bouzón A. Variations in the physical and mechanical behavior of basalt fiber-reinforced NHL mortars exposed to different curing conditions. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 2024. 21 (8).P. e03467.
11. Chekaeva R., Chekaev M.G., Chekaev F.M., Issina A.Z., Khvan Ye.N., Sarsembayeva Ye. D. Architectural and design features of the brick buildings of petropavlovsk city XIX-XX centuries. Smart Geotechnics for Smart Societies. 2023. P. 1918–1922. DOI:10.1201/9781003299127-293
12. Atyaksheva A., Rozhkova O., Sarsikeyev Y., Atyaksheva A., Yermekov M., Smagulov A., Ryvkina N. Determination of rational parameters for heat treatment of concrete mixture based on a hollow aluminosilicate microsphere. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies. 2022. 1 (6 (115)). P. 64 – 72. DOI: 10.15587/1729-4061.2022.251004
13. Li G., Zhou C., Ahmad W., Usanova K.I., Karelina M., Mohamed A.M., Khallaf R. Fly ash application as supplementary cementitious material: a review. Materials. 2022. 15 (7). P. 2664. DOI: 10.3390/ma15072664
14. Raghav M., Park T., Yang H.M., Lee S.Y., Karthick S., Lee H.S. Review of the effects of supplementary cementitious materials and chemical additives on the physical, mechanical and durability properties of hydraulic concrete. Materials. 2021. 14 (23). P. 7270. DOI: 10.3390/ma14237270
15. Juenger M.C.G., Snellings R., Bernal S.A. Supplementary cementitious materials: new sources, characterization, and performance insights. Cement and Concrete Research. 2019. 122. P. 257 – 273.
16. Klyuev S.V., Klyuev A.V., Vatin N.I.: Fine-grained concrete with combined reinforcement by different types of fibers. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2018. 245. P. 03006.
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18. Rashad A.M., Mosleh Y.A., Mokhtar MM. Thermal insulation and durability of alkali-activated lightweight slag mortar modified with silica fume and fly ash. Construction and Building Materials. 2024. 411. P. 134255. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134255
19. Tariq Z., Bahadori-Jahromi A. Incorporating ground granulated blast furnace slag & fly ash in concrete production for sustainable construction: a review. Engineering Future Sustainability. 2025. 2 (1). P. 1 – 30. DOI: 10.36828/efs.318
20. Olaniyan S.A. Towards sustainable composite building material: integrating lime with slag for reduced mortar thermal conductivity. European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research. 2020. 5 (4). P. 469 – 474.
21. Wu T., Tang S., Dong Y.-R., Luo J.-H. A review of the thermal and mechanical characteristics of alkali-activated composites at elevated temperatures. Buildings. 2025. 15 (5). P. 738. DOI: 10.3390/buildings15050738
22. Chen G., Li F., Jing P., Geng J., Si Z. Effect of pore structure on thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of autoclaved aerated concrete. Materials. 2021. 14 (2). P. 339. DOI: 10.3390/ma14020339
23. Rozhkova O.V., Ibraimova D.M.-K. , Musabekov K.B., Rozhkov V.I., Ermekov M.T. Development Of Anhydrous Drilling Fluids Based On Tagan Deposit’s Superhydrophobic Clay For Drilling Oil Wells At The Kumkol Field. News of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Series of Geology and Technical Sciences. 2024. 3 (465). P. 146 – 163. DOI: 10.32014/2024.2518-170X.416
24. Movchan I.B., Yakovleva A.A., Semenov V.V., Medinskaia D.K. Analysis of Inverse Problems in Geotechnical Engineering-Underground Pipelines and Magnetometric Research. International Journal of Engineering, Transactions B: Applications. 2026. 39 (6). P. 1346 – 1356. DOI: 10.5829/ije.2026.39.06c.04
25. Ibraimova D.M.-K., Rozhkova O.V., Musabekov K.B., Tazhibayeva S.M., Rozhkov V.I., Yermekov M.T. Development of Methods to Obtain Composite Materials from Organoclays. Eurasian Journal of Chemistry. 2023. 28 (4 (112)). P. 101 – 111. DOI: 10.31489/2959-0663/4-23-14
26. Rong Z., Ouyang H., Gao Y., Chen H. The pore structure characteristics of mortar and its application in the study of chloride ion transport performance. Buildings. 2025. 15 (3). P. 383. DOI: 10.3390/buildings15030383
27. Ahmed H.U., Lim C.W. Coupling effect assessment of vacuum based pozzolana slurry encrusted recycled aggregate and basalt fiber on mechanical performance of fiber reinforced concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2021. 300. P. 124032. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124032
28. Šiaučiūnas R., Prichockienė E., Valancius Z., Elsteris A. Hardening of mortars from blended cement with opoka additive in CO₂ environment. Ceramics. 2024. 7 (4). P. 1301 – 1315. DOI: 10.3390/ceramics7040086
29. Kaminskas R., Barauskas I., Uselis S., Savickaite B. Binary supplementary cementitious material from expanded clay production dust and opoka. Sustainability. 2025. 17 (2). P. 794. DOI: 10.3390/su17020794
30. Barauskas I., Kaminskas R., Stanaitis A., Vilkaitė I. Influence of opoka additive on composite cement hydration. Solid State Phenomena. 2015. 244. P. 3 – 11. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.244.3
31. Žvironaitė J., Pundienė I., Gaidučis S., Kizinievič V. Effect of different pozzolana on hardening process and properties of hydraulic binder based on natural anhydrite. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management. 2012. 18 (4). P. 530 – 536. DOI: 10.3846/13923730.2012.702126
32. Korovkin M.O., Eroshkina N.A. Combined influence of opoka and slag on cement properties in presence of superplasticizer. Solid State Phenomena. 2017. 265. P. 337 – 341. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.265.337
33. Kapustin F.L., Bashkatov N.N., Hela R. The effect of opal-containing rocks on the properties of lightweight oil-well cement. Solid State Phenomena. 2021. 325. P. 47 – 52. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.325.47
34. Balykov A., Chugunov D., Davydova N. Chemical activity score of siliceous rocks in development of self-cleaning cement material. E3S Web of Conferences. 2024. 515. P. 02011. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202451502011
35. Klyuev S.V., Bratanovskiy S.N., Trukhanov S.V., Manukyan H.A.: Strengthening of concrete structures with composite based on carbon fiber. Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience. 2019. 16 (7). P. 2810 – 2814.
36. Marof K., Šiller L. Synergistic role of surface-modified silica aerogel and basalt fibres in structurally reliable, energy-efficient masonry mortar. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials. 2026. 20. P. 14. DOI: 10.1186/s40069-026-00892-7
37. Dhand V., Mittal G., Rhee K.Y., Park S.-J., Hui D. A short review on basalt fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2015. 73. P. 166 – 180. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.12.011
38. Mercuri M., Vailati M., Gregori A. Chopped basalt fibers reinforced mortar for strengthening the architectural heritage. Fibers. 2025. 13 (2). P. 20. DOI: 10.3390/fib13020020
39. Yıldırım M., Özhan H.B. Durability properties of basalt fiber-reinforced mortars with different mineral admixtures exposed to high temperatures. Construction and Building Materials. 2023. 400. P. 132574. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132574
40. Ding C., Xue K., Yi G. Research on fire resistance and economy of basalt fiber insulation mortar. Scientific Reports. 2023. 13. P. 17288. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44591-9
41. Zhang X., Zhang S., Xin S. Performance test and thermal insulation effect analysis of basalt fiber concrete. Materials. 2022. 15 (22). P. 8236. DOI: 10.3390/ma15228236
42. Ziada M., Erdem S., Tammam Y., Kara S., Lezcano R.A.G. The effect of basalt fiber on mechanical, microstructural, and high-temperature properties of fly ash-based and basalt powder waste-filled sustainable geopolymer mortar. Sustainability. 2021. 13 (22). P. 12610. DOI: doi.org/10.3390/su132212610
43. Bayraktar O.Y., Kaplan G., Gencel O., Benli A., Sutcu M. Physico-mechanical, durability and thermal properties of basalt fiber-reinforced foamed concrete containing waste marble powder and slag. Construction and Building Materials. 2021. 288. P. 123128. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123128
44. Klyuev S.V., Khezhev T.A., Pukharenko Yu.V., Klyuev A.V. Fibers and their properties for concrete reinforcement. Materials Science Forum. 2019. 945. P. 125 – 130. DOI:10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.945.125.
45. Klyuev S.V., Klyuev A.V., Shorstova E.S. Fiber concrete for 3-D additive technologies. Materials Science Forum. 2019. 974. P. 367 – 372.
46. Guo X., Pan X. Mechanical properties and mechanisms of fiber-reinforced fly ash–steel slag based geopolymer mortar. Construction and Building Materials. 2018. 179. P. 633 – 641. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.198
47. Zhou J., Wang G., Zhu G. The durability of basalt-fiber-reinforced cement mortar under exposure to unilateral salt freezing cycles. Frontiers in Materials. 2023. 10. P. 1202889. DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2023.1202889
48. Klyuev S.V., Khezhev T.A., Pukharenko Yu.V., Klyuev A.V. Fiber concrete for industrial and civil construction. Materials Science Forum. 2019. 945. P. 120–124. DOI:10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.945.120.
49. Hubert J., Grigoletto S., Michel F., Zhao Z., Courard L. Development and properties of recycled biomass fly ashes modified mortars. Recycling. 2024. 9 (3). P. 46. DOI: 10.20944/preprints202402.1132.v1
50. Liu Z., Zhu Y., Zhou H. Experimental study on thermal insulation mortar with normal bearing capacity and its mesoscopic characteristics analysis. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 2024. 21. P. e03810. DOI: 10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03810
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2. Ghosh A., Ghosh A., Neogi S. Reuse of fly ash and bottom ash in mortars with improved thermal insulation properties for buildings. Heliyon. 2018. 4 (11). P. e00881. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00934
3. Khushefati W.H., Demirboğa R., Farhan K.Z. Assessment of factors impacting thermal conductivity of cementitious composites—a review. Cleaner Materials. 2022. 5. P. 100127. DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2022.100127.
4. Asadi I., Ji G., Baghban M.H. Evaluating the effective thermal conductivity of cement mortar through X-ray scanning. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 2023. 41. P.102686.
5. Shafigh P., Asadi I., Akhiani A.R., Mahyuddin N.B., Hashemi M. Thermal properties of cement mortar with different mix proportions. Materiales de Construcción. 2020. 70 (339) P. e224. DOI: 10.3989/mc.2020.09219
6. Malathy R., Shanmugam R., Dhamotharan D., Kamaraj D., Prabakaran M., Kim J. Lime based concrete and mortar enhanced with pozzolanic materials – state of art. Construction and Building Materials. 2023. 390. 131415.
7. Silva B.A., Guerreiro E., Duarte A.P.C.. Comparative study of lime-based mortars for conservation and restoration interventions. Construction and Building Materials. 2025. 499. P. 143956.
8. Demircan R.K., Kaplan G., Çelik D.N. High-temperature-resistant restoration mortar with fly ash and GGBFS. Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials. 2022. 11 (6). P. 418 – 438. DOI: 10.1080/21650373.2021.1992682
9. Illampas R., Rigopoulos I., Ioannou I. Development and performance evaluation of a novel high-ductility fiber-reinforced lime-pozzolana matrix for textile-reinforced mortar masonry strengthening applications. Materials and Structures. 2024. 57. P. 75. DOI: 10.1617/s11527-024-02340-y
10. Villanueva P.B., Prieto Barrio M.I., Cobo Escamilla A., González García M.N., Vázquez Bouzón A. Variations in the physical and mechanical behavior of basalt fiber-reinforced NHL mortars exposed to different curing conditions. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 2024. 21 (8).P. e03467.
11. Chekaeva R., Chekaev M.G., Chekaev F.M., Issina A.Z., Khvan Ye.N., Sarsembayeva Ye. D. Architectural and design features of the brick buildings of petropavlovsk city XIX-XX centuries. Smart Geotechnics for Smart Societies. 2023. P. 1918–1922. DOI:10.1201/9781003299127-293
12. Atyaksheva A., Rozhkova O., Sarsikeyev Y., Atyaksheva A., Yermekov M., Smagulov A., Ryvkina N. Determination of rational parameters for heat treatment of concrete mixture based on a hollow aluminosilicate microsphere. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies. 2022. 1 (6 (115)). P. 64 – 72. DOI: 10.15587/1729-4061.2022.251004
13. Li G., Zhou C., Ahmad W., Usanova K.I., Karelina M., Mohamed A.M., Khallaf R. Fly ash application as supplementary cementitious material: a review. Materials. 2022. 15 (7). P. 2664. DOI: 10.3390/ma15072664
14. Raghav M., Park T., Yang H.M., Lee S.Y., Karthick S., Lee H.S. Review of the effects of supplementary cementitious materials and chemical additives on the physical, mechanical and durability properties of hydraulic concrete. Materials. 2021. 14 (23). P. 7270. DOI: 10.3390/ma14237270
15. Juenger M.C.G., Snellings R., Bernal S.A. Supplementary cementitious materials: new sources, characterization, and performance insights. Cement and Concrete Research. 2019. 122. P. 257 – 273.
16. Klyuev S.V., Klyuev A.V., Vatin N.I.: Fine-grained concrete with combined reinforcement by different types of fibers. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2018. 245. P. 03006.
17. Yao Z.T., Ji X.S., Sarker P.K., Tang J.H., Ge L.Q., Xia M.S., Xi Y.Q. A comprehensive review on the applications of coal fly ash. Earth-Science Reviews. 2015. 141. P. 105 – 121.
18. Rashad A.M., Mosleh Y.A., Mokhtar MM. Thermal insulation and durability of alkali-activated lightweight slag mortar modified with silica fume and fly ash. Construction and Building Materials. 2024. 411. P. 134255. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134255
19. Tariq Z., Bahadori-Jahromi A. Incorporating ground granulated blast furnace slag & fly ash in concrete production for sustainable construction: a review. Engineering Future Sustainability. 2025. 2 (1). P. 1 – 30. DOI: 10.36828/efs.318
20. Olaniyan S.A. Towards sustainable composite building material: integrating lime with slag for reduced mortar thermal conductivity. European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research. 2020. 5 (4). P. 469 – 474.
21. Wu T., Tang S., Dong Y.-R., Luo J.-H. A review of the thermal and mechanical characteristics of alkali-activated composites at elevated temperatures. Buildings. 2025. 15 (5). P. 738. DOI: 10.3390/buildings15050738
22. Chen G., Li F., Jing P., Geng J., Si Z. Effect of pore structure on thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of autoclaved aerated concrete. Materials. 2021. 14 (2). P. 339. DOI: 10.3390/ma14020339
23. Rozhkova O.V., Ibraimova D.M.-K. , Musabekov K.B., Rozhkov V.I., Ermekov M.T. Development Of Anhydrous Drilling Fluids Based On Tagan Deposit’s Superhydrophobic Clay For Drilling Oil Wells At The Kumkol Field. News of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Series of Geology and Technical Sciences. 2024. 3 (465). P. 146 – 163. DOI: 10.32014/2024.2518-170X.416
24. Movchan I.B., Yakovleva A.A., Semenov V.V., Medinskaia D.K. Analysis of Inverse Problems in Geotechnical Engineering-Underground Pipelines and Magnetometric Research. International Journal of Engineering, Transactions B: Applications. 2026. 39 (6). P. 1346 – 1356. DOI: 10.5829/ije.2026.39.06c.04
25. Ibraimova D.M.-K., Rozhkova O.V., Musabekov K.B., Tazhibayeva S.M., Rozhkov V.I., Yermekov M.T. Development of Methods to Obtain Composite Materials from Organoclays. Eurasian Journal of Chemistry. 2023. 28 (4 (112)). P. 101 – 111. DOI: 10.31489/2959-0663/4-23-14
26. Rong Z., Ouyang H., Gao Y., Chen H. The pore structure characteristics of mortar and its application in the study of chloride ion transport performance. Buildings. 2025. 15 (3). P. 383. DOI: 10.3390/buildings15030383
27. Ahmed H.U., Lim C.W. Coupling effect assessment of vacuum based pozzolana slurry encrusted recycled aggregate and basalt fiber on mechanical performance of fiber reinforced concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2021. 300. P. 124032. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124032
28. Šiaučiūnas R., Prichockienė E., Valancius Z., Elsteris A. Hardening of mortars from blended cement with opoka additive in CO₂ environment. Ceramics. 2024. 7 (4). P. 1301 – 1315. DOI: 10.3390/ceramics7040086
29. Kaminskas R., Barauskas I., Uselis S., Savickaite B. Binary supplementary cementitious material from expanded clay production dust and opoka. Sustainability. 2025. 17 (2). P. 794. DOI: 10.3390/su17020794
30. Barauskas I., Kaminskas R., Stanaitis A., Vilkaitė I. Influence of opoka additive on composite cement hydration. Solid State Phenomena. 2015. 244. P. 3 – 11. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.244.3
31. Žvironaitė J., Pundienė I., Gaidučis S., Kizinievič V. Effect of different pozzolana on hardening process and properties of hydraulic binder based on natural anhydrite. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management. 2012. 18 (4). P. 530 – 536. DOI: 10.3846/13923730.2012.702126
32. Korovkin M.O., Eroshkina N.A. Combined influence of opoka and slag on cement properties in presence of superplasticizer. Solid State Phenomena. 2017. 265. P. 337 – 341. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.265.337
33. Kapustin F.L., Bashkatov N.N., Hela R. The effect of opal-containing rocks on the properties of lightweight oil-well cement. Solid State Phenomena. 2021. 325. P. 47 – 52. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.325.47
34. Balykov A., Chugunov D., Davydova N. Chemical activity score of siliceous rocks in development of self-cleaning cement material. E3S Web of Conferences. 2024. 515. P. 02011. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202451502011
35. Klyuev S.V., Bratanovskiy S.N., Trukhanov S.V., Manukyan H.A.: Strengthening of concrete structures with composite based on carbon fiber. Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience. 2019. 16 (7). P. 2810 – 2814.
36. Marof K., Šiller L. Synergistic role of surface-modified silica aerogel and basalt fibres in structurally reliable, energy-efficient masonry mortar. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials. 2026. 20. P. 14. DOI: 10.1186/s40069-026-00892-7
37. Dhand V., Mittal G., Rhee K.Y., Park S.-J., Hui D. A short review on basalt fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2015. 73. P. 166 – 180. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.12.011
38. Mercuri M., Vailati M., Gregori A. Chopped basalt fibers reinforced mortar for strengthening the architectural heritage. Fibers. 2025. 13 (2). P. 20. DOI: 10.3390/fib13020020
39. Yıldırım M., Özhan H.B. Durability properties of basalt fiber-reinforced mortars with different mineral admixtures exposed to high temperatures. Construction and Building Materials. 2023. 400. P. 132574. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132574
40. Ding C., Xue K., Yi G. Research on fire resistance and economy of basalt fiber insulation mortar. Scientific Reports. 2023. 13. P. 17288. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44591-9
41. Zhang X., Zhang S., Xin S. Performance test and thermal insulation effect analysis of basalt fiber concrete. Materials. 2022. 15 (22). P. 8236. DOI: 10.3390/ma15228236
42. Ziada M., Erdem S., Tammam Y., Kara S., Lezcano R.A.G. The effect of basalt fiber on mechanical, microstructural, and high-temperature properties of fly ash-based and basalt powder waste-filled sustainable geopolymer mortar. Sustainability. 2021. 13 (22). P. 12610. DOI: doi.org/10.3390/su132212610
43. Bayraktar O.Y., Kaplan G., Gencel O., Benli A., Sutcu M. Physico-mechanical, durability and thermal properties of basalt fiber-reinforced foamed concrete containing waste marble powder and slag. Construction and Building Materials. 2021. 288. P. 123128. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123128
44. Klyuev S.V., Khezhev T.A., Pukharenko Yu.V., Klyuev A.V. Fibers and their properties for concrete reinforcement. Materials Science Forum. 2019. 945. P. 125 – 130. DOI:10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.945.125.
45. Klyuev S.V., Klyuev A.V., Shorstova E.S. Fiber concrete for 3-D additive technologies. Materials Science Forum. 2019. 974. P. 367 – 372.
46. Guo X., Pan X. Mechanical properties and mechanisms of fiber-reinforced fly ash–steel slag based geopolymer mortar. Construction and Building Materials. 2018. 179. P. 633 – 641. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.198
47. Zhou J., Wang G., Zhu G. The durability of basalt-fiber-reinforced cement mortar under exposure to unilateral salt freezing cycles. Frontiers in Materials. 2023. 10. P. 1202889. DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2023.1202889
48. Klyuev S.V., Khezhev T.A., Pukharenko Yu.V., Klyuev A.V. Fiber concrete for industrial and civil construction. Materials Science Forum. 2019. 945. P. 120–124. DOI:10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.945.120.
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