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Hybrid basalt fibre-reinforced concrete (HBFRC) has emerged as a high-performance material capable of addressing the severe mechanical demands placed on aerodrome pavement systems. By integrating basalt micro and macro fibres, the composite gains improved stiffness, enhanced crack-arrest capacity, and greater resistance to repeated aircraft-induced loads. This study develops and analyses 25 hybrid concrete mixes using both laboratory testing and a detailed finite element simulation in Ansys Workbench to quantify how different fibre proportions influence compressive strength, stiffness, and deformation under an Airbus A321neo load. A 3D fracture-based pavement model incorporating predefined semi-elliptical crack geometry was used to evaluate the de-formation response across 7-, 14-, and 28-day curing periods. Results show a clear improvement in mechanical performance with hybridisation, with the mix containing 2% basalt microfibres and 1% macrofibres consistently yielding the lowest deformation values (0.0054353mm, 0.005815mm and 0.0057363mm) for 7 days, 14days and 28 days respectively, indicating superior crack-resistance and load-bearing capacity throughout the curing stages. While the mix containing 0.5% basalt microfibres and 0.5% macrofibres yielded the highest deformation values (0.0059277mm and 0.0058474mm) for 14 and 28 days respectively. The findings demonstrate that optimal hybrid fibre combinations significantly reduce pavement vulnerability to its risk of being susceptible to damage from changing aircraft loads like heaving traffic and can serve as practical reinforcement strategies for strengthening modern airfield infrastructure. The study further highlights the importance of micro–macro fibre synergy in improving fracture behaviour and offers valuable guidance for developing next-generation high-durability airport pavement materials.
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27. Ruiz Martínez J.D., Ríos Jiménez J.D., Pérez-Soriano E.M., Cifuentes-Bulté H., Leiva Fernández C. The impact of steel fibre length and dosage on microstructure and mechanical performance in UHPFRC: A hybrid approach. Hormigon y Acero.2025. 76 (306) P. 65 – 76. DOI:10.33586/hya.2025.4089
28. Long G., Yang, K., Li C., Tang Z., Wang, B., & Xie Y. Static and dynamic compressive behaviour of steel-polyethylene hybrid fibre toughened high performance cementitious composites. Journal of Building Engineering. 2025. 114.
29. Xing Z., Li Z., Wang P., Li, C., Song Z. Research on the mechanical properties and microstructure of fibre geopolymer mortar. Coatings. 2025. 15 (11) P. 1239.
30. Robledo-Ortíz J.R., Fuentes-Talavera F.J., González-Núñez R., Torres-Rendón J.G., Pérez-Fonseca A.A., Silva-Guzmán J.A. Inorganic and natural fibres-based composites. Polymer Science, Engineering, and Sustainability. 2025. 2. P. 381 – 397.
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32. Han S., Kim K., Park B., Lee J., Jeon, D., Park S. Comparative study of continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) using GFRP and reinforcing bars: Comprehensive review and numerical analysis. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering. 2025. P. 1 – 17.
33. Rajkumar D.R., Saravanan A.R., Rachchh N., Rajendran R., Vijayakumar S., Patil N., Pydi H.P. Mechanical and environmental performance of laminated composite plates reinforced with natural and synthetic fibres: A comparative study of flexural, water absorption and swelling characteristics. Discover Sustainability. 2025. 6 (1) P. 905.
34. Song L., Ren D., Fan S., Li Y., Deng S., Lv Y., Li J. Epoxy-amine functionalization of PAN fibres for advanced self-healing asphalt composites: Mechanisms and performance enhancement. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2025. P. e58074.
35. Shah S.K., Gao Y., Abdelfatah A. Plastic-waste-modified asphalt for sustainable road infrastructure: A comprehensive review. Sustainability. 2025. 21. P. 9832.
2. Khan M., Cao M., Ali M. Cracking behaviour and constitutive modelling of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete. Journal of Building Engineering.2020. 30. P. 101272.
3. Li D., Niu D., Fu Q., Luo D. Fractal characteristics of pore structure of hybrid Basalt-Polypropylene fibre-reinforced concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2022. 109. P. 103555.
4. Hu X., Guo Y., Lv J., Mao J. The mechanical properties and chloride resistance of concrete reinforced with hybrid polypropylene and basalt fibres. Materials. 2019. 12 (15). P. 2371.
5. Yuan C., Chen W., Pham T.M., Hao H., Cui, J., Shi Y. Interfacial bond behaviour between hybrid carbon/basalt fibre composites and concrete under dynamic loading. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives. 2020. 99.P. 102569.
6. Li Z.X., Li C.H., Shi Y.D., Zhou X.J. Experimental investigation on mechanical properties of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2017. 157. P. 930 – 942. 2017.
7. Ashour A.H. A., Kharun M. A parametric study of concrete runway pavement layers depression under impact load. Vestnik MGSU. 2022. 17 (9). P. 1206 – 1217. DOI:10.22227/1997-0935.2022.9.1206-1217
8. Qais Q.A.А., Kotlyarevskaya A.V., Ba’ather F.M.H., Tupikova E.M., Futaini D.T.S. A review on the durability of concrete reinforced with hybrid fibres in aerodrome pavement. Innovation and investment. 2023. 9. P. 344 – 350. DOI: 10.24412/2307-180X-344-350
9. Yan S., Dong Q., Chen X., Li, J., Wang X., Shi B. An experimental and numerical study on the hybrid effect of basalt fibre and polypropylene fibre on the impact toughness of fibre reinforced concrete. Construction and Building Materials.2024. 411. P. 134270. DOI:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.134270
10. Mu Y., Xia H., Yan Y., Wang Z., Guo R. Fracture behaviour of basalt fibre-reinforced airport pavement concrete at different strain rates. Materials. 2022. 15 (20). P. 7379. DOI:10.3390/ma15207379
11. Wang Z., Guo R., Liu G., Guo, L., & Yan Y. Study on flexural fatigue properties of POM fibre airport pavement concrete. Polymers. 2022. 14 (15) P. 297. DOI:10.3390/polym14152979
12. Nassar R.U.D., Balachandra A., & Soroushian, P. Enhanced mechanical performance of high-early-strength concrete with basalt macro-fibre reinforcement for rapid repair and construction applications in airfield pavements. International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 20225. 26 (1). DOI: 10.1080/10298436.2024.2525523
13. Hossain M.M. Effect of constituent materials in cementitious composites on the durability of military airfield rigid pavements (Doctoral dissertation, University of New South Wales, Australia. 2023). DOI:10.26190/unsworks/25033
14. Diniță A., Ripeanu R.G., Ilincă C.N., Cursaru D., Matei D., Naim R.I., Portoacă A.I. Advancements in fibre-reinforced polymer composites: A comprehensive analysis. Polymers. 2023. 16 (1) P. 2. DOI:10.3390/polym16010002
15. Şimşir E. Study of impact behavior of glass-fibre-reinforced aluminum composite sandwich panels at constant energy levels. Coatings. 2025. 15 (3). P. 299. DOI:10.3390/coatings15030299
16. Qais Q.A.A. Numerical investigation of the dynamic impact of hybrid basalt fibre on the damage and split way resistance of reinforced concrete aerodrome pavement. Construction Materials and Products.2025. 8 (6) P. 5. DOI:10.58224/2618-7183-2025-8-6-5
17. Amran M., Fediuk R., Klyuev S., Qader D.N.: Sustainable development of basalt fiber-reinforced high-strength eco-friendly concrete with a modified composite binder. Case Studies in Construction Materials.2022. 17. P. e01550. DOI: 10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01550
18. Fediuk R., Amran M., Klyuev S., Klyuev A. Increasing the performance of a fiber-reinforced concrete for protective facilities. Fibers. 2021. 9 (11) P. 64. DOI: 10.3390/fib9110064
19. Klyuev S., Fediuk R., Ageeva M., Fomina E., Klyuev A., Shorstova E., Sabitov L., Radaykin O., Anciferov S., Kikalishvili D., de Azevedo Afonso R.G., Vatin N.: Technogenic fiber wastes for optimizing concrete. Materials. 2022. 15 (14) P. 5058. DOI: 10.3390/ma15145058
20. Klyuyev S.V., Klyuyev A.V., Lesovik R.V., Netrebenko A.V. High strength fiber concrete for industrial and civil engineering. World Applied Sciences Journal. 2013. 24 (10). P. 1280 – 1285
21. Qais Q.A.A., Kotlyarevskaya A.V., Fomin A.Y., Ba’ather F.M.H., Chiadighikaobi P.C., Nnochiri E.S. The effect of fiber hybridization on the permeability and porosity of concrete aerodrome pavement: A review. The Open Construction & Building Technology Journal. 2025. 19. DOI: 10.2174/0118748368408339250722011513
22. Okolnikova G., Saad L.A., Haidar M. M., and Al-Shabani F.A. N.A.: Compressive strength of lightweight expanded polystyrene basalt fiber concrete. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2020.329. P. 04010. DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/202032904010
23. Klyuev S.V., Klyuev A.V., Vatin N.I.: Fine-grained concrete with combined reinforcement by different types of fibers. MATEC Web of Conferences.2018. 245. P. 03006. DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/201824503006
24. Klyuyev S.V., Klyuyev A.V., Sopin D.M., Netrebenko A.V., Kazlitin S.A. Heavy loaded floors based on fine-grained fiber concrete. Magazine of Civil Engineering. 2013. 38 (3) P. 7 – 14. DOI: 10.5862/MCE.38.1
25. ToLiss Airbus A321 NEO V1.3 aircraft manual. Scribd. Retrieved August 29, 2025, from https://www.scribd.com/document/582805261/ToLiss-AirbusA321-NEO-V1-3-AircraftManual
26. Xu W., Zang Z., Liu X., Ji Y., Xu J., Li H. Research on mechanical properties and prediction methods of hybrid fibre concrete for airport pavements. PLOS ONE. 2025. 20 (11). P.e0331951.
27. Ruiz Martínez J.D., Ríos Jiménez J.D., Pérez-Soriano E.M., Cifuentes-Bulté H., Leiva Fernández C. The impact of steel fibre length and dosage on microstructure and mechanical performance in UHPFRC: A hybrid approach. Hormigon y Acero.2025. 76 (306) P. 65 – 76. DOI:10.33586/hya.2025.4089
28. Long G., Yang, K., Li C., Tang Z., Wang, B., & Xie Y. Static and dynamic compressive behaviour of steel-polyethylene hybrid fibre toughened high performance cementitious composites. Journal of Building Engineering. 2025. 114.
29. Xing Z., Li Z., Wang P., Li, C., Song Z. Research on the mechanical properties and microstructure of fibre geopolymer mortar. Coatings. 2025. 15 (11) P. 1239.
30. Robledo-Ortíz J.R., Fuentes-Talavera F.J., González-Núñez R., Torres-Rendón J.G., Pérez-Fonseca A.A., Silva-Guzmán J.A. Inorganic and natural fibres-based composites. Polymer Science, Engineering, and Sustainability. 2025. 2. P. 381 – 397.
31. Sharma V., & Nateriya R. Multiscale behaviour of fibre-reinforced concrete for tunnel lining applications: Properties, performance, and design considerations – A review, International Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering. 2025. 12 (1) P. 4984 – 5006. DOI: 10.29294/IJASE.14.1.2025.4984-5006
32. Han S., Kim K., Park B., Lee J., Jeon, D., Park S. Comparative study of continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) using GFRP and reinforcing bars: Comprehensive review and numerical analysis. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering. 2025. P. 1 – 17.
33. Rajkumar D.R., Saravanan A.R., Rachchh N., Rajendran R., Vijayakumar S., Patil N., Pydi H.P. Mechanical and environmental performance of laminated composite plates reinforced with natural and synthetic fibres: A comparative study of flexural, water absorption and swelling characteristics. Discover Sustainability. 2025. 6 (1) P. 905.
34. Song L., Ren D., Fan S., Li Y., Deng S., Lv Y., Li J. Epoxy-amine functionalization of PAN fibres for advanced self-healing asphalt composites: Mechanisms and performance enhancement. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2025. P. e58074.
35. Shah S.K., Gao Y., Abdelfatah A. Plastic-waste-modified asphalt for sustainable road infrastructure: A comprehensive review. Sustainability. 2025. 21. P. 9832.
Qais Abdulrahman Ali Qais, Okolnikova G.E. Impact of aircraft landing load on the crack resistance of hybrid basalt fibre-reinforced aerodrome concrete pavements. Construction Materials and Products. 2026. 9 (2). 9. https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2026-9-2-9