Русский
English
This study investigates how a repaired crack affects heat losses through a building envelope. An experimental setup was designed and assembled to test wall specimens containing a crack repaired by injection grout. A calculation procedure was developed to determine the specific heat loss through the repaired crack under the conditions of the proposed experimental apparatus. The experimental data were statistically processed using the Shapiro-Wilk test to assess normality. Differences in the specific heat loss before and after crack formation were evaluated with the paired Student's t-test. Statistical significance was accepted at p < 0.05. All statistical analyses were carried out in IBM SPSS Statistics. Tests were carried out on foam-concrete, clay brick, and reinforced concrete specimens. Ten speci-mens were prepared for each material under investigation. During the first stage, intact specimens without cracks were tested. Afterwards, an artificial crack was introduced into each specimen, repaired by injection grouting, and the specimens were tested again under identical conditions. The measured results showed a statistically significant increase in heat loss after crack repair. On average, the specific heat loss increased by 12.1%. The experimental findings were compared with numerical simulations. The temperature field around the repaired crack was calculated by solving the two-dimensional steady-state heat conduction equation. Robin (third-kind) boundary conditions were assigned to the external surfaces exposed to air, Neumann (second-kind) boundary conditions were specified at the truncated boundaries of the computational domain, and fourth-kind boundary conditions were applied at material interfaces. Numerical simulations were performed in ANSYS Workbench 2024. The difference between the numerical predictions and the experimental measurements did not exceed 2.1% for foam concrete, 3.8% for clay brick, and 2.4% for reinforced concrete. The results demonstrate that even after repair, wall cracks noticeably affect the thermal performance of building envelopes. The proposed mathematical model can therefore be used for numerical assessment of heat transfer in walls containing cracks repaired with injection grout.
1. Qu S.Y., Pan C.G., Peng B.L., Yue C.H., Fang Z.R., Wen Y.T. Study on the crack resistance of concrete reinforced with flax fiber and multi-walled carbon nano-tubes. Construction and Building Materials. 2025. 488. P. 141884.
2. El Khoury K., Vollum R., Izzuddin B., Forth J. Experimental investigation into cracking in edge restrained concrete walls. Engineering Structures. 2025. 345 (Part B). P. 121536.
3. Li R.G., Cui H.D., Ding L., Ni H.H., Xu S.Q., Wu H.S. Cracking Behavior of Ceramsite Aerated Concrete Block Infill Wall in the Coastal Areas. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials. 2025. 19 (1).
4. Tyurina V., Chepurnenko A., Akopyan V. Prediction of Thermal Cracking During Construction of Massive Monolithic Structures. Appl. Sci. 2025. 15 (3). P. 1499.
5. Shalaby Y.M., Badawy M., Ebrahim G.A., Abdelalim A.M. Condition assessment of concrete structures using automated crack detection method for different concrete surface types based on image processing. Discover Civil Engineering. 2024. 1. P. 81.
6. Tazbieva Z.M., Gadaev D.Sh.-B. Causal analysis of defects and assessment of energy efficiency in the examination of the technical condition of buildings and structures. Ekonomika i upravlenie: problemy resheniya. 2026. 2/15 (167). P. 152 – 161.
7. Nieto-Julián E., Robador M.D., Moyano J., Bruno S. Semantic HBIM for Heritage Conservation: A Methodology for Mapping Deterioration and Structural Deformation in Historic Envelopes. Buildings. 2025. 15 (12). P. 1990.
8. Liu X.L., Wang K.P., Zhao Q.B., Luo C.Y. Research on Flexural Performance of Low-Strength Foamed Concrete Cold-Formed Steel Framing Composite Enclosure Wall Panels. Buildings. 2025. 15 (17). P. 3018.
9. Li L.L., Liu J.Y., Li S.Y., Song J.H., Li X., Li J.Y. Thermal Deformation of External Wall Insulation Systems Using EPS, XPS and PU Boards: A Combined Numerical and Experimental Study. Buildings. 2026. 16 (13). P. 2599.
10. Chen L.L., Wei L.L., Zheng J., Zhou J.M. Study on the Inhibition Effect of Fly Ash on Alkali–Silica Reaction and Its Influence on Building Energy Performance. Buildings. 2025. 15 (3). P. 392.
11. Živanović N., Aškrabić M., Savić A., Stević M., Stević Z. Early-Age Cement Paste Temperature Development Monitoring Using Infrared Thermography and Thermo-Sensors. Buildings. 2023. 13 (5). P. 1323.
12. He Y.B., Yuan Z.R., Xia X.H., Yang B., Wu H.T., Fu W., Yao W.X. Local–Global Feature Adaptive Fusion Network for Building Crack Detection. Sensors. 2024. 24 (21). P. 7076.
13. Ekanayake B., Thengane V., Wong J.K.-W., Wilkinson S., Ling S.H. CracksGPT: Exploring the Potential and Limitations of Multimodal AI for Building Crack Analysis. Buildings. 2025. 15 (23). P. 4327.
14. Yupanqui P.R., Orihuela J.L., Delgadillo R.M. Hybrid AI–FEA Framework for Seismic Assessment of Confined Masonry Walls Using Crack Image-Based Material Property Inference. Infrastructures. 2025. 10 (12). P. 323.
15. Majumder A., Valdes M., Frattolillo A., Martinelli E., Stochino F. Natural Fiber TRM for Integrated Upgrading/Retrofitting. Buildings. 2025. 15 (16). P. 2852.
16. Zheng L., Zheng J.Y., Chen Y., Zheng Y.C., Lao W., Chen S.P. Gray Brick Wall Surface Damage Detection of Traditional Chinese Buildings in Macau: Damage Quantification and Thermodynamic Analysis Method via YOLOv8 Technology. Appl. Sci. 2025. 15 (12). P. 6665.
17. Seo H., Raut A.D., Chen C., Zhang C. Multi-Label Classification and Automatic Damage Detection of Masonry Heritage Building through CNN Analysis of Infrared Thermal Imaging. Remote Sens. 2023. 15 (10). P. 2517.
18. Flores Larsen S., Hongn M., Castro N., González S. Comparison of four in-situ methods for the determination of walls thermal resistance in free-running buildings with alternating heat flux in different seasons. Construction and Building Materials. 2019. 224. P. 455 – 473.
19. Leccese F., Salvadori G., Bisegna F. Thermal resilience of buildings: The role of partition walls and slabs in the optimization of the building external envelope. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2024. 257 (9). P. 124084.
20. Bodnar Y., Horon L. Experimental Determination of the Heat Transfer Resistance of the Wall of a Singlestorey Residential Building With a Wooden Frame. Modern technology materials and design in construction. 2025. 38 (1). P. 162 – 166.
21. Tan Y., Huang H., Tang H., Zhang C. Developing thermal point cloud for automated building envelope thermal defects detection. Measurement Science and Technology. 2026. 37 (21). P. 1151 – 1164.
22. Zheng S., Hao F., Lu Y., Jiang T., Yang X. A method for quantitatively evaluating the impact of defects on wall U-value using infrared thermal imaging. Building Simulation. 2025. 18. P. 281 – 293.
23. Mahmoodzadeh M., Gretka V., Mukhopadhyaya P. Challenges and opportunities in quantitative aerial thermography of building envelopes. Journal of Building Engineering. 2023. 69. P. 10621
24. Saei Marand S.A., Mahmoodzadeh M., Mukhopadhyaya P. UAV-Based Infrared Thermography for Qualitative and Quantitative Building Energy Assessment: A Review. Energies. 2026. 19 (7). P. 1776.
25. Videras-Rodríguez M., López-Cabeza V.P., Gómez-Melgar S., Andújar-Márquez J.M. Comparative assessment of quantitative infrared thermography approaches for experimental thermal transmittance determination using UAVs. Building and Environment. 2026. 294. P. 114359.
26. Zhang C., Zou Y., Dimyadi J., Chang R. Thermal-textured BIM generation for building energy audit with UAV image fusion and histogram-based enhancement. Energy and Buildings. 2023. P. 113710.
27. Sassine E., Younsi Z., Cherif Y., Chauchois A., Antczak E. Experimental determination of thermal properties of brick wall for existing construction in the north of France. Journal of Building Engineering. 2017. 14. P. 15 – 23.
2. El Khoury K., Vollum R., Izzuddin B., Forth J. Experimental investigation into cracking in edge restrained concrete walls. Engineering Structures. 2025. 345 (Part B). P. 121536.
3. Li R.G., Cui H.D., Ding L., Ni H.H., Xu S.Q., Wu H.S. Cracking Behavior of Ceramsite Aerated Concrete Block Infill Wall in the Coastal Areas. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials. 2025. 19 (1).
4. Tyurina V., Chepurnenko A., Akopyan V. Prediction of Thermal Cracking During Construction of Massive Monolithic Structures. Appl. Sci. 2025. 15 (3). P. 1499.
5. Shalaby Y.M., Badawy M., Ebrahim G.A., Abdelalim A.M. Condition assessment of concrete structures using automated crack detection method for different concrete surface types based on image processing. Discover Civil Engineering. 2024. 1. P. 81.
6. Tazbieva Z.M., Gadaev D.Sh.-B. Causal analysis of defects and assessment of energy efficiency in the examination of the technical condition of buildings and structures. Ekonomika i upravlenie: problemy resheniya. 2026. 2/15 (167). P. 152 – 161.
7. Nieto-Julián E., Robador M.D., Moyano J., Bruno S. Semantic HBIM for Heritage Conservation: A Methodology for Mapping Deterioration and Structural Deformation in Historic Envelopes. Buildings. 2025. 15 (12). P. 1990.
8. Liu X.L., Wang K.P., Zhao Q.B., Luo C.Y. Research on Flexural Performance of Low-Strength Foamed Concrete Cold-Formed Steel Framing Composite Enclosure Wall Panels. Buildings. 2025. 15 (17). P. 3018.
9. Li L.L., Liu J.Y., Li S.Y., Song J.H., Li X., Li J.Y. Thermal Deformation of External Wall Insulation Systems Using EPS, XPS and PU Boards: A Combined Numerical and Experimental Study. Buildings. 2026. 16 (13). P. 2599.
10. Chen L.L., Wei L.L., Zheng J., Zhou J.M. Study on the Inhibition Effect of Fly Ash on Alkali–Silica Reaction and Its Influence on Building Energy Performance. Buildings. 2025. 15 (3). P. 392.
11. Živanović N., Aškrabić M., Savić A., Stević M., Stević Z. Early-Age Cement Paste Temperature Development Monitoring Using Infrared Thermography and Thermo-Sensors. Buildings. 2023. 13 (5). P. 1323.
12. He Y.B., Yuan Z.R., Xia X.H., Yang B., Wu H.T., Fu W., Yao W.X. Local–Global Feature Adaptive Fusion Network for Building Crack Detection. Sensors. 2024. 24 (21). P. 7076.
13. Ekanayake B., Thengane V., Wong J.K.-W., Wilkinson S., Ling S.H. CracksGPT: Exploring the Potential and Limitations of Multimodal AI for Building Crack Analysis. Buildings. 2025. 15 (23). P. 4327.
14. Yupanqui P.R., Orihuela J.L., Delgadillo R.M. Hybrid AI–FEA Framework for Seismic Assessment of Confined Masonry Walls Using Crack Image-Based Material Property Inference. Infrastructures. 2025. 10 (12). P. 323.
15. Majumder A., Valdes M., Frattolillo A., Martinelli E., Stochino F. Natural Fiber TRM for Integrated Upgrading/Retrofitting. Buildings. 2025. 15 (16). P. 2852.
16. Zheng L., Zheng J.Y., Chen Y., Zheng Y.C., Lao W., Chen S.P. Gray Brick Wall Surface Damage Detection of Traditional Chinese Buildings in Macau: Damage Quantification and Thermodynamic Analysis Method via YOLOv8 Technology. Appl. Sci. 2025. 15 (12). P. 6665.
17. Seo H., Raut A.D., Chen C., Zhang C. Multi-Label Classification and Automatic Damage Detection of Masonry Heritage Building through CNN Analysis of Infrared Thermal Imaging. Remote Sens. 2023. 15 (10). P. 2517.
18. Flores Larsen S., Hongn M., Castro N., González S. Comparison of four in-situ methods for the determination of walls thermal resistance in free-running buildings with alternating heat flux in different seasons. Construction and Building Materials. 2019. 224. P. 455 – 473.
19. Leccese F., Salvadori G., Bisegna F. Thermal resilience of buildings: The role of partition walls and slabs in the optimization of the building external envelope. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2024. 257 (9). P. 124084.
20. Bodnar Y., Horon L. Experimental Determination of the Heat Transfer Resistance of the Wall of a Singlestorey Residential Building With a Wooden Frame. Modern technology materials and design in construction. 2025. 38 (1). P. 162 – 166.
21. Tan Y., Huang H., Tang H., Zhang C. Developing thermal point cloud for automated building envelope thermal defects detection. Measurement Science and Technology. 2026. 37 (21). P. 1151 – 1164.
22. Zheng S., Hao F., Lu Y., Jiang T., Yang X. A method for quantitatively evaluating the impact of defects on wall U-value using infrared thermal imaging. Building Simulation. 2025. 18. P. 281 – 293.
23. Mahmoodzadeh M., Gretka V., Mukhopadhyaya P. Challenges and opportunities in quantitative aerial thermography of building envelopes. Journal of Building Engineering. 2023. 69. P. 10621
24. Saei Marand S.A., Mahmoodzadeh M., Mukhopadhyaya P. UAV-Based Infrared Thermography for Qualitative and Quantitative Building Energy Assessment: A Review. Energies. 2026. 19 (7). P. 1776.
25. Videras-Rodríguez M., López-Cabeza V.P., Gómez-Melgar S., Andújar-Márquez J.M. Comparative assessment of quantitative infrared thermography approaches for experimental thermal transmittance determination using UAVs. Building and Environment. 2026. 294. P. 114359.
26. Zhang C., Zou Y., Dimyadi J., Chang R. Thermal-textured BIM generation for building energy audit with UAV image fusion and histogram-based enhancement. Energy and Buildings. 2023. P. 113710.
27. Sassine E., Younsi Z., Cherif Y., Chauchois A., Antczak E. Experimental determination of thermal properties of brick wall for existing construction in the north of France. Journal of Building Engineering. 2017. 14. P. 15 – 23.
Zubarev K.P., Dobshits V.L., Kazunin V.V., Sapronova Y.A., Fedoseev V.D., Kalinina O.V. Experimental determination of heat losses through cracks in building walls. Construction Materials and Products. 2026. 9 (5). 5. https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2026-9-5-5