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This article investigates the influence of the components of epoxy systems – curing agents, modifiers, and fillers – on the properties of epoxy resins, including the formation of materials exhibiting an electret state. The study examines three key aspects of epoxy composite formation: the type of curing agent, modifying additives, and fillers, as well as their impact on the structure and characteristics of the final material. It is demonstrated that curing agents determine the basic structure of the epoxy network, and the correct selection of a curing agent is essential to achieve the desired combination of mechanical and dielectric properties. By varying the type of curing agent and the curing conditions, it is possible to alter the gel fraction content. The uncrosslinked portion of the epoxy polymer can enable the orientation of dipolar groups or macromolecular segments under the influence of an external electric field, thereby inducing material polarization and yielding a chemoelectret with high electret performance. A high gel fraction content ensures the retention of the polarized state over extended storage (service) periods of the chemoelectret. Modifiers of the epoxy matrix serve for fine-tuning the properties. Increasing the modifier content in the composition alters the number of functional groups capable of polarization, which in turn affects their electret properties. Fillers are used to enhance the mechanical and functional (including electret) characteristics of epoxy compositions. It is shown that, for the creation of chemoelectrets capable of long-term charge retention, non-conductive fillers that do not form conductive pathways are preferable. Such fillers may act as charge traps while simultaneously increasing the strength of the polymer. To ensure long-term retention of the electret state, composite systems with minimal conductivity should be developed to prevent rapid charge dissipation. It may be assumed that, when creating an epoxy composite with a curing agent and a conductive filler (up to 5 vol.%), the dispersed particles act as sources of additional injected charge carriers, functioning even after the removal of the external electric field. It is concluded that the combination of epoxy resin with various curing agents, modifiers, and fillers enables the production of materials with tailored parameters. These materials can simultaneously serve as load-bearing structures and protective coatings, which is particularly relevant for modern construction challenges. Further research in the field of epoxy chemoelectrets will expand the application boundaries of these materials in construction.
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2. Unnikrishnan K.P., Thachil E.T. Toughening of epoxy resins. Designed Monomers and Polymers. 2006. 9 (2). P. 129 – 152. DOI: 10.1163/156855506776382664
3. Rudawska A., Frigione M. Effect of Diluents on Mechanical Characteristics of Epoxy Compounds. Polymers. 2022. 14 (11). P. 2277. DOI: 10.3390/polym14112277
4. Rudawska A., Frigione M., Sarcinella A., Brunella V., Di Lorenzo L. Properties and Performance of Epoxy Resin/Boron Acid Composites. Materials. 2024. 17 (9). P. 2092. DOI: 10.3390/ma17092092
5. Zhang M., Huang J., Wang N. Modification of pine-wood/formaldehyde-urea resin composites using electron-beam radiation. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2014. 454. P. 187 – 189.
6. Kestelman V.N., Pinchuk L.S., Goldade V.A. Electrets in Engineering: Fundamentals and Applications. Boston-Dordrecht-London: Kluwer Acad. Publ., 2000. 281 p.
7. Galikhanov M.F. Influence of electret state of two-layer polymer materials on their adhesion to metal substrates. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives. 2018. 86 P. 1 – 3. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2018.07.009
8. Kerner M., Schmidt K., Schumacher S., et al. Electret filters – From the influence of discharging methods to optimization potential. Atmosphere. 2021. 12 (1). P. 65. DOI: 10.3390/atmos12010065
9. Mikryukova Y.K., Mochalova E.N., Galikhanov M.F., Akhtyamova S.S. Influence of the conditions of simultaneous curing and polarization on the characteristics of modified chemoelectres on the based on oligomer DER-331. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2020. 2313. 050049. doi.org/10.1063/5.0033085
10. d'Almeida J.R., Cella N., Monteiro S., Miranda L. Thermal diffusivity of an epoxy system as a function of the hardener content. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 1998. 69 (7). P. 1335 – 1341. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19980815)69:73.3.CO;2-S
11. Mochalova E.N., Limarenko N.A., Galikhanov M.F., Deberdeev R.Ya. Effect of the Amount of Curing Agent, Curing Temperature, and Polarization on Physicomechanical Characteristics of Epoxyamine Adhesive Compositions Based on DER-331 Oligomer. Polymer Science. Series D. 2016. 9 (4). P. 396 – 401. DOI: 10.1134/S1995421216040122 2016
12. Mochalova E.N., Limarenko N.A., Galihanov M.F., Deberdeev R.Ya. Issledovanie vliyaniya modifikacii epoksidnogo oligomera DER-331 razlichnymi otverditelyami na elektretnye harakteristiki setchatyh kompozitov. Dizajn. Materialy. Tekhnologiya. 2014. 4. № 34. P. 60 – 63.
13. Andritsch T., Vaughan A.S. On the dielectric behavior of amine- and anhydride-cured epoxy resins modified using multi-terminal epoxy functional network modifier. Polymers. 2019. V. 11(8). P. 1271. DOI: 10.3390/polym11081271
14. Wang Z., Lai Y., Xu P., Ma J. Synergistic Effects of Liquid Rubber and Thermoplastic Particles for Toughening Epoxy Resin. Polymers. 2024. 16 (19). P. 2775. DOI: 10.3390/polym16192775
15. Xu S., Song X., Cai Y. Mechanical Properties and Morphologies of CTBN Liquid Rubber/Epoxy Blends Compatibilized by Pre-Crosslinking // Materials. 2016. 9 (8). P. 640. DOI: 10.3390/ma9080640
16. Xu S., Song X., Cai Y. Mechanical Properties and Morphologies of CTBN Liquid Rubber/Epoxy Blends Compatibilized by Pre-Crosslinking. Materials. 2016. 9 (8). P. 640. DOI: 10.3390/ma9080640.
17. Burganov R.R., Mochalova E.N., Galikhanov M.F., Bannov A.G., Shibaev A.A. Electret materials based on an epoxy oligomer and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT-1020). Mendeleev Communications. 2017. 27 (1). P. 38 – 40. DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2017.01.011
18. Nazmieva G.N., T.A. Vakhonina N.V. Ivanova A.Sh. Mukhtarov N.N. Smirnov A.V. Yakimansky M.Yu. Balakina, O.G. Sinyashin. Testing of the ways for synthesis of new nonlinear optical epoxy-based polymers with azochromophores in the side chain. European Polymer Journal. 2015. 63. P. 207 – 216. DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.12.003
19. Cantwell W.J., Morton J. The impact resistance of composite materials – a review. Composites. 1991. 22 (5). P. 347 – 362. DOI: 10.1016/0010-4361(91)90549-V
20. Temnov D.E., Fomicheva E.E., Skvorcov D.A., Galihanov M.F., Mochalova E.N. Elektretnye svojstva prostranstvenno-setchatyh polimerov na osnove epoksidnyh smol s mineral'nym napolnitelem. Vestnik tekhnologicheskogo universiteta. 2015. 18. P. 13 – 15.
21. Kuo D.-H., Chang C.-C., Su T.-Y., Wang W.-K., Lin B.-Y. Dielectric properties of three ceramic/epoxy composites. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2004. 85 (1). P. 201 – 206.
22. Vahidov R.M., Belyancheva K.O., Habutdinova A.E., Galihanov M.F. Anomal'nye znacheniya elektrofizicheskih elektretnyh kompozicionnyh materialov na osnove titanata bariya. Vestnik tekhnologicheskogo universiteta. 2015. 18 (24). P. 59 – 61.
23. Cheremuhina I.V., Studencov V.N., Ibaev M.O., Gil'man A.A. Primenenie razlichnyh fizicheskih obrabotok v tekhnologii napolnennyh reaktoplastov. Vestnik SGTU. 2012. 1 (68). P. 113 – 116.
24. Mochalova E.N., Bannov A.G., Shibaev A.A., Vahitova R.N., Galihanov M.F., Cherkov A.G. Vliyanie uglerodnyh nanotrubok na svojstva epoksidnyh termoelektretov. Vestnik Kazanskogo tekhnologicheskogo universiteta. 2016. 10. P. 69 – 72.
25. Dallaev R., Pisarenko T., Papież N., Sadovský P., Holcman V. A Brief Overview on Epoxies in Electronics: Properties, Applications, and Modifications. Polymers. 2023. V. 15(19). 3964. DOI: 10.3390/polym15193964.
26. Giannakopoulos G., Masania K., Taylor A.C. Toughening of epoxy using core–shell particles. Journal of Materials Science. 2011. 46 (2). P. 327 – 338. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-010-4816-6.
27. Yunusova S.S., Anvarov R.A., Nedoseko I.V., Babkov V.V. Neutralization of phosphogypsum in the production of gypsum products. Bashkir Chemical Journal. 2004. 11 (2). P. 24 – 26.
28. Cheremuhina I.V., Studencov V.N., Finashkina M.S. Kolichestvennaya ocenka effektivnosti razlichnyh fizicheskih vozdejstvij pri modifikacii armirovannyh reaktoplastov. Vestnik SGTU. 2011. 1 (59). P. 137 – 139.
Musayev T.T., Mochalova E.N., Galikhanov M.F. Influence of the nature of curing agents, modifiers, and fillers on the functional characteristics of epoxy polymers Construction Materials and Products. 2025. 8 (3). 8. https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2025-8-3-8