Русский
English
Polymer composites have become one of the most widely used and beneficial materials in modern industries due to their desirable structure, light weight, high strength, and flexibility. The positive role of these polymer composites is largely dependent on the size, structure, and dispersion phase of the reinforcing phase. In this article through a systematic review the influence of various parameters on the mechanical properties of polymer composites is analyzed, considering reinforcements based on ferrocene and ferrocene containing compounds. Different types of reinforcements, including fine particles (micro and nano), fibers (natural and synthetic), and two dimensional nanomaterials (such as graphene and inorganic compounds), have been investigated.
The innovative role of reinforcements based on ferrocene and their derivatives is discussed in detail, highlighting their potential to simultaneously enhance mechanical, thermal and flame-retardant properties. The reinforcement mechanisms, including effective load transfer strong interfacial bonding, and crack bridging are described. Furthermore hybrid composites, which utilize a combination of multiple reinforcements to achieve superior properties, are reviewed. Analysis of recent studies indicates that ferrocene derivatives, with their unique sandwich structure, significantly improve interfacial adhesion through strong π-π interactions and surface modification capabilities, often leading to a considerable increase in toughness and impact strength. Finally existing challenges and future perspectives including optimizing reinforcement dispersion and the development of smart ferrocene-based composites are discussed.
The innovative role of reinforcements based on ferrocene and their derivatives is discussed in detail, highlighting their potential to simultaneously enhance mechanical, thermal and flame-retardant properties. The reinforcement mechanisms, including effective load transfer strong interfacial bonding, and crack bridging are described. Furthermore hybrid composites, which utilize a combination of multiple reinforcements to achieve superior properties, are reviewed. Analysis of recent studies indicates that ferrocene derivatives, with their unique sandwich structure, significantly improve interfacial adhesion through strong π-π interactions and surface modification capabilities, often leading to a considerable increase in toughness and impact strength. Finally existing challenges and future perspectives including optimizing reinforcement dispersion and the development of smart ferrocene-based composites are discussed.
1. Callister Jr. W.D., Rethwisch D.G. Materials science and engineering: an introduction. John wiley & sons. 2020.
2. Khabrat Gh.R., Puzin Y.I. Ferrocene-containing compounds as combustion catalysts and solid fuel modifiers. Construction materials and products. 2025. 8 (3). P. 6. DOI: 10.58224/2618-7183-2025-8-3-6.
3. Saltykova S.N., Karapetyan K.G., Korshunov A.D., Nazarenko M.Yu., Dorosh I.V. Adsorption properties of oil shale ash residues of leningradskoye field. Sorbtsionnye i khromatograficheskie protsessy. 2024. 24 (6). P. 1003 – 1014. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.17308/sorpchrom.2024.24/12587.
4. Mohammed L., Ansari N.M.N., Pua G., Jawaid M., Islam M.S Review on natural fiber reinforced polymer composite and its applications. International Journal of Polymer Science. 2015. 2015 (243947). DOI: 10.1155/2015/243947.
5. Xiao S., Xue Y., Zhao J., Liu X., Cong H., Lan T., Ouyang Y. Differences in the catalytic properties of Fe isotopes. RSC advances. 2023. 13 (35). P. 24812 – 24818. DOI: 10.1039/D3RA04247A.
6. Gunnemann C., Bahnemann D.W., Robertson P.K.J. Isotope effects in photocatalysis. ACS Omega. 2021. 6 (17). P. 11113 – 11121. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00745.
7. Das P.P., Chaudhary V., Ahmad F., Manral A. Effect of nanotoxicity and enhancement in performance of polymer composites using nanofillers: A state‐of‐the‐art review. Polymer Composites. 2021. 42 (5). P. 2152 – 2170. DOI: 10.1002/pc.25968.
8. Amin B.U., Yu H., Wang L., Fahad S., Nazir A., Haq F., Liang R. Synthesis and antimigration studies of ferrocenebased amides as burning rate catalysts. Journal of inorganic and organometallic polymers and materials. 2021. 31. P. 2511 – 2520. DOI: 10.1007/s10904-020-01861-7.
9. Pickering K.L., Aruan Efendy M.G., Le T.M. A review of recent developments in natural fibre composites and their mechanical performance. Composites part A: Applied science and manufacturing. 2016. 83. P. 98 – 112. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.08.038
10. Yan L., Chouw N., Jayaraman K. Flax fibre and its composites – A review. Composites part B: Engineering. 2014. 56. P. 296 – 317. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.08.014
11. 5Kausar A. Role of thermosetting polymer in structural composite. Am. J. Polym. Sci. Eng, 5 (1), 1-12. (2017). DOI://www.ivyunion.org/
12. Astruc D. Why is ferrocene so exceptional? European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2017. 2017 (1). P. 6 – 29. DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600983
13. Hailes R.L., Oliver A.M., Gwyther J., Whittell G.R., Manners I. Polyferrocenylsilanes: synthesis, properties, and applications. Chemical Society Reviews. 2016. 45 (19). P. 5358 – 5407. DOI: 10.1039/C6CS00155F
14. Beitollahi H., Khalilzadeh M.A., Tajik S., Safaei M., Zhang K., Jang H.W., Shokouhimehr M. Recent advances in applications of voltammetric sensors modified with ferrocene and its derivatives. ACS omega. 2020. 5 (5). P. 2049 – 2059. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03788
15. Aydemir T., Golubeva N.D., Shershneva I.N., Kydralieva K.A., Dzhardimalieva G.I. Formation, structure and magnetic properties of nanocomposites obtained by Fe (III) Co (II) cocrystallized complexes thermal decomposition. Aerospace MAI Journal. 2019. 26 (2). P. 219 – 228.
16. Shu-hong B., Si-yu C., Lu F. Recent advances in ferrocene-based burning rate catalysts for solid propellants. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials. 2021. 29 (5). P. 460 – 470. DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2021023.
17. Wan C., Duan H., Zhang C., Cao J., Zou J., Zhang J., Ma H. AP/N/S-containing compound toward enhanced fire safety epoxy resin with well-balanced performance. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 2021. 192 (109698). DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109698.
18. Kotal M., Bhowmick A.K. Polymer nanocomposites from modified clays: Recent advances and challenges. Progress in Polymer Science. 2015. 51. P. 127 – 187. DOI:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.10.001
19. Shojaee Barjoee S., Rodionov V., Babkin R., Tumanov M., Shojaee Barjoee B. An Integrated Modified Failure Mode Effects Analysis Shannon Entropy Combined Compromise Solution Approach to Safety Risk Assessment in Stone Crusher Unit of Ceramic Sector. International Journal of Engineering. 2025. 39 (8). P. 1976 – 1987. DOI: 10.5829/ije.2026.39.08b.15
20. Lin L., Gu C., Zhu J., Ye Q., Jiang E., Wang W., Zhu Y. Engineering of hole-selective contact for high-performance perovskite solar cell featuring silver back-electrode. Journal of Materials Science. 2019. 54 (10). P. 7789 – 7797. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-018-03258-x
21. Sanjay M.R., Madhu P., Jawaid M., Senthamaraikannan P., Senthil S., Pradeep S. Characterization and properties of natural fiber polymer composites: A comprehensive review. Journal of Cleaner production. 2018. 172. P. 566 – 581. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.101
22. Amir A., Porwal H., Mahalingam S., Wu X., Wu T., Chen B., Edirisinghe M. Microstructure of fibres pressure-spun from polyacrylonitrile–graphene oxide composite mixtures. Composites Science and Technology. 2020. 197 (108214). DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108214
23. Puzin P.Yu., Puzin Yu.I. Influence of ferrocene on solution polymerization of methyl methacrylate.SOCAR Proceedings. 2022. (1). P. 1 – 5. DOI: 10.5510/OGP202201100650
24. Seydibeyoğlu M.Ö., Dogru A., Wang J. et al. Review on hybrid reinforced polymer matrix composites with nanocellulose, nanomaterials, and other fibers. Polymers. 2023. 15 (4). P. 984. DOI: 10.3390/polym15040984
25. Sathish S., Nirmala R., Kim H.Y., Navamathavan R. Deriving activated carbon using microwave combustion technique and its energy storage applications: a topical review. Carbon Letters. 2022. 32 (5). P. 1151 – 1171. DOI: 10.1007/s42823-022-00348-4
26. Valerievna K.E., Vladimirovna Z.O., Yurievich B.V. Involvement of products of chemical processing of polymer waste in the composition of building Materials. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum. 2024. 33 (3). P. 441 – 449. DOI: 10.62593/2090-2468.1039
27. Zgonnik P.V., Kuzhaeva A.A. The study of metal corrosion resistance near weld joints when erecting building and structures composed of precast structures. Applied Sciences (Switzerland). 2022. 12 (5). P. 2518. DOI: 10.3390/app12052518
28. Ketova Y.A., Bai B., Khizhnyak G.P., Gladkikh Y.A., Galkin S.V. Testing of preformed particles polymer gel technology on core filtration models to limit water inflows. Journal of Mining Institute. 2020. 241. P. 91 – 98. DOI: 10.31897/pmi.2020.1.91
29. Morenov V., Leusheva E., Lavrik A., Lavrik A., Buslaev G. Gas-Fueled Binary Energy System with Low-Boiling working fluid for enhanced power generation. Energies. 2022. 15 (7). 2551. DOI: 10.3390/en15072551
30. Cheremisina O.V., Ponomareva M.A., Molotilova A.Yu., Mashukova Yu.A., Solovеv M.A. Sorption purification of acid storage facility waterfrom iron and titanium on organic polymeric materials. Journal of Mining Institute. 2023. 264. P. 971 – 980. DOI: 10.31897/PMI.2023.28
31. Buslaev G., Lavrik A., Lavrik A., Tcvetkov P. Hybrid system of hydrogen generation by water electrolysis and methane partial oxidation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2023. 48 (63). P. 24166 – 24179. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.03.098
32. Wang L., Yu H., Saleem M., Akram M., Abbasi N.M., Khalid H., Chen Y. Ferrocene-based polyethyleneimines for burning rate catalysts. New Journal of Chemistry. 2016. 40 (4). P. 3155 – 3163. DOI: 10.1039/C5NJ03301A
33. Seydibeyoğlu M.Ö., Dogru A., Wang J., Rencheck M., Han Y., Wang L., Gardner D.J. Review on hybrid reinforced polymer matrix composites with nanocellulose, nanomaterials, and other fibers. Polymers. 2023. 15 (4). 984. DOI: 10.3390/polym15040984
34. Strokova V.V., Gubareva E.N., Ogurtsova Yu.N., Nerovnaya S.V. On the possibility of utilization of carbonate-containing mining waste by producing photocatalytic composite materials. Journal of Mining Institute. 2025. 276 (2). P. 29 – 41.
35. Sayam A., Rahman A.M., Rahman M.S., Smriti S.A., Ahmed F., Rabbi M.F., Faruque M.O. A review on carbon fiber-reinforced hierarchical composites: mechanical performance, manufacturing process, structural applications and allied challenges. Carbon Letters. 2022. 32 (5). P. 1173 – 1205. DOI: org/10.1007/s42823-022-00358-2
36. Kogan V.E., Zgonnik P.V., Shakhparonova T.S., Sobianina D.O., Suvorova Z.V. The physicochemical bases of oil and oil products absorption by glassy sorbents. Rasayan Journal of chemistry. 2021. 14 (3). P. 2006 – 2016. DOI: 10.31788/RJC.2021.1435750
37. Gerasimov A.M. Influence of Thermal Modification on the Separation Processes of Clay-Containing Waste Suspensions. Journal of Ore Beneficiation. 2022. (1). P. 57 – 59 DOI: //www.rudmet.ru/journal/2108/article/35197/
2. Khabrat Gh.R., Puzin Y.I. Ferrocene-containing compounds as combustion catalysts and solid fuel modifiers. Construction materials and products. 2025. 8 (3). P. 6. DOI: 10.58224/2618-7183-2025-8-3-6.
3. Saltykova S.N., Karapetyan K.G., Korshunov A.D., Nazarenko M.Yu., Dorosh I.V. Adsorption properties of oil shale ash residues of leningradskoye field. Sorbtsionnye i khromatograficheskie protsessy. 2024. 24 (6). P. 1003 – 1014. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.17308/sorpchrom.2024.24/12587.
4. Mohammed L., Ansari N.M.N., Pua G., Jawaid M., Islam M.S Review on natural fiber reinforced polymer composite and its applications. International Journal of Polymer Science. 2015. 2015 (243947). DOI: 10.1155/2015/243947.
5. Xiao S., Xue Y., Zhao J., Liu X., Cong H., Lan T., Ouyang Y. Differences in the catalytic properties of Fe isotopes. RSC advances. 2023. 13 (35). P. 24812 – 24818. DOI: 10.1039/D3RA04247A.
6. Gunnemann C., Bahnemann D.W., Robertson P.K.J. Isotope effects in photocatalysis. ACS Omega. 2021. 6 (17). P. 11113 – 11121. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00745.
7. Das P.P., Chaudhary V., Ahmad F., Manral A. Effect of nanotoxicity and enhancement in performance of polymer composites using nanofillers: A state‐of‐the‐art review. Polymer Composites. 2021. 42 (5). P. 2152 – 2170. DOI: 10.1002/pc.25968.
8. Amin B.U., Yu H., Wang L., Fahad S., Nazir A., Haq F., Liang R. Synthesis and antimigration studies of ferrocenebased amides as burning rate catalysts. Journal of inorganic and organometallic polymers and materials. 2021. 31. P. 2511 – 2520. DOI: 10.1007/s10904-020-01861-7.
9. Pickering K.L., Aruan Efendy M.G., Le T.M. A review of recent developments in natural fibre composites and their mechanical performance. Composites part A: Applied science and manufacturing. 2016. 83. P. 98 – 112. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.08.038
10. Yan L., Chouw N., Jayaraman K. Flax fibre and its composites – A review. Composites part B: Engineering. 2014. 56. P. 296 – 317. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.08.014
11. 5Kausar A. Role of thermosetting polymer in structural composite. Am. J. Polym. Sci. Eng, 5 (1), 1-12. (2017). DOI://www.ivyunion.org/
12. Astruc D. Why is ferrocene so exceptional? European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2017. 2017 (1). P. 6 – 29. DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600983
13. Hailes R.L., Oliver A.M., Gwyther J., Whittell G.R., Manners I. Polyferrocenylsilanes: synthesis, properties, and applications. Chemical Society Reviews. 2016. 45 (19). P. 5358 – 5407. DOI: 10.1039/C6CS00155F
14. Beitollahi H., Khalilzadeh M.A., Tajik S., Safaei M., Zhang K., Jang H.W., Shokouhimehr M. Recent advances in applications of voltammetric sensors modified with ferrocene and its derivatives. ACS omega. 2020. 5 (5). P. 2049 – 2059. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03788
15. Aydemir T., Golubeva N.D., Shershneva I.N., Kydralieva K.A., Dzhardimalieva G.I. Formation, structure and magnetic properties of nanocomposites obtained by Fe (III) Co (II) cocrystallized complexes thermal decomposition. Aerospace MAI Journal. 2019. 26 (2). P. 219 – 228.
16. Shu-hong B., Si-yu C., Lu F. Recent advances in ferrocene-based burning rate catalysts for solid propellants. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials. 2021. 29 (5). P. 460 – 470. DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2021023.
17. Wan C., Duan H., Zhang C., Cao J., Zou J., Zhang J., Ma H. AP/N/S-containing compound toward enhanced fire safety epoxy resin with well-balanced performance. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 2021. 192 (109698). DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109698.
18. Kotal M., Bhowmick A.K. Polymer nanocomposites from modified clays: Recent advances and challenges. Progress in Polymer Science. 2015. 51. P. 127 – 187. DOI:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.10.001
19. Shojaee Barjoee S., Rodionov V., Babkin R., Tumanov M., Shojaee Barjoee B. An Integrated Modified Failure Mode Effects Analysis Shannon Entropy Combined Compromise Solution Approach to Safety Risk Assessment in Stone Crusher Unit of Ceramic Sector. International Journal of Engineering. 2025. 39 (8). P. 1976 – 1987. DOI: 10.5829/ije.2026.39.08b.15
20. Lin L., Gu C., Zhu J., Ye Q., Jiang E., Wang W., Zhu Y. Engineering of hole-selective contact for high-performance perovskite solar cell featuring silver back-electrode. Journal of Materials Science. 2019. 54 (10). P. 7789 – 7797. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-018-03258-x
21. Sanjay M.R., Madhu P., Jawaid M., Senthamaraikannan P., Senthil S., Pradeep S. Characterization and properties of natural fiber polymer composites: A comprehensive review. Journal of Cleaner production. 2018. 172. P. 566 – 581. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.101
22. Amir A., Porwal H., Mahalingam S., Wu X., Wu T., Chen B., Edirisinghe M. Microstructure of fibres pressure-spun from polyacrylonitrile–graphene oxide composite mixtures. Composites Science and Technology. 2020. 197 (108214). DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108214
23. Puzin P.Yu., Puzin Yu.I. Influence of ferrocene on solution polymerization of methyl methacrylate.SOCAR Proceedings. 2022. (1). P. 1 – 5. DOI: 10.5510/OGP202201100650
24. Seydibeyoğlu M.Ö., Dogru A., Wang J. et al. Review on hybrid reinforced polymer matrix composites with nanocellulose, nanomaterials, and other fibers. Polymers. 2023. 15 (4). P. 984. DOI: 10.3390/polym15040984
25. Sathish S., Nirmala R., Kim H.Y., Navamathavan R. Deriving activated carbon using microwave combustion technique and its energy storage applications: a topical review. Carbon Letters. 2022. 32 (5). P. 1151 – 1171. DOI: 10.1007/s42823-022-00348-4
26. Valerievna K.E., Vladimirovna Z.O., Yurievich B.V. Involvement of products of chemical processing of polymer waste in the composition of building Materials. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum. 2024. 33 (3). P. 441 – 449. DOI: 10.62593/2090-2468.1039
27. Zgonnik P.V., Kuzhaeva A.A. The study of metal corrosion resistance near weld joints when erecting building and structures composed of precast structures. Applied Sciences (Switzerland). 2022. 12 (5). P. 2518. DOI: 10.3390/app12052518
28. Ketova Y.A., Bai B., Khizhnyak G.P., Gladkikh Y.A., Galkin S.V. Testing of preformed particles polymer gel technology on core filtration models to limit water inflows. Journal of Mining Institute. 2020. 241. P. 91 – 98. DOI: 10.31897/pmi.2020.1.91
29. Morenov V., Leusheva E., Lavrik A., Lavrik A., Buslaev G. Gas-Fueled Binary Energy System with Low-Boiling working fluid for enhanced power generation. Energies. 2022. 15 (7). 2551. DOI: 10.3390/en15072551
30. Cheremisina O.V., Ponomareva M.A., Molotilova A.Yu., Mashukova Yu.A., Solovеv M.A. Sorption purification of acid storage facility waterfrom iron and titanium on organic polymeric materials. Journal of Mining Institute. 2023. 264. P. 971 – 980. DOI: 10.31897/PMI.2023.28
31. Buslaev G., Lavrik A., Lavrik A., Tcvetkov P. Hybrid system of hydrogen generation by water electrolysis and methane partial oxidation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2023. 48 (63). P. 24166 – 24179. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.03.098
32. Wang L., Yu H., Saleem M., Akram M., Abbasi N.M., Khalid H., Chen Y. Ferrocene-based polyethyleneimines for burning rate catalysts. New Journal of Chemistry. 2016. 40 (4). P. 3155 – 3163. DOI: 10.1039/C5NJ03301A
33. Seydibeyoğlu M.Ö., Dogru A., Wang J., Rencheck M., Han Y., Wang L., Gardner D.J. Review on hybrid reinforced polymer matrix composites with nanocellulose, nanomaterials, and other fibers. Polymers. 2023. 15 (4). 984. DOI: 10.3390/polym15040984
34. Strokova V.V., Gubareva E.N., Ogurtsova Yu.N., Nerovnaya S.V. On the possibility of utilization of carbonate-containing mining waste by producing photocatalytic composite materials. Journal of Mining Institute. 2025. 276 (2). P. 29 – 41.
35. Sayam A., Rahman A.M., Rahman M.S., Smriti S.A., Ahmed F., Rabbi M.F., Faruque M.O. A review on carbon fiber-reinforced hierarchical composites: mechanical performance, manufacturing process, structural applications and allied challenges. Carbon Letters. 2022. 32 (5). P. 1173 – 1205. DOI: org/10.1007/s42823-022-00358-2
36. Kogan V.E., Zgonnik P.V., Shakhparonova T.S., Sobianina D.O., Suvorova Z.V. The physicochemical bases of oil and oil products absorption by glassy sorbents. Rasayan Journal of chemistry. 2021. 14 (3). P. 2006 – 2016. DOI: 10.31788/RJC.2021.1435750
37. Gerasimov A.M. Influence of Thermal Modification on the Separation Processes of Clay-Containing Waste Suspensions. Journal of Ore Beneficiation. 2022. (1). P. 57 – 59 DOI: //www.rudmet.ru/journal/2108/article/35197/
Puzin Y.I., Khabrat Gh.R. Polymeric composites and a study of the effect of ferrocene-based reinforcements on their mechanical properties. Construction Materials and Products. 2026. 9 (2). 3. https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2026-9-2-3