Русский
English
The article presents the results of studies of technological properties of clay raw materials using the example of highly dispersed refractory clays of Vladimirovskoye deposit and low-dispersed fusible loams of Aksayskoye deposit in relation to plastic and soft methods of product molding. Research in this area is being conducted due to the lack of testing methods for clay raw materials in relation to the wet method of product molding, despite the fact that ceramic bricks produced using this production technology are in high demand in modern construction and architecture. In Russia, only a few companies produce bricks using this technology, and many companies have not yet been able to master this technology. Comparative tests on typical water-soaked clay raw materials showed that the existing accepted methods approved by regulatory documents cannot be applied to soft molding technology and that a separate method needs to be developed. Thus, with soft molding, molding materials are characterized by an increased degree of deformation under load, reduced plastic strength and critical compressive stress, as well as increased stickiness. It has been shown that a simple increase in the moisture content of molding materials leads to the deterioration in the basic pre-firing technological properties: air shrinkage, sensitivity to drying, cohesion; and to achieve the required degree of sintering, an increased firing temperature is required. Therefore, increasing the moisture content of molding materials is not a simple solution. Molding materials for soft molding must contain increased amounts of leaners with grain compositions approaching the densest packing and the presence of the required amount of sand fraction particles. Otherwise, obtaining high-quality facing ceramic bricks with high decorative properties becomes extremely problematic from a technological perspective. The results of the conducted research will allow to move closer to the development of a method for selecting raw materials for soft molding of ceramic bricks and, in practical terms, will help in organizing production using this technology.
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22. Kotlyar V., Terekhina Ya., Kotlyar A., Yashchenko R. Evaluation of Siliceous Opal-Cristobalite Rocks for the Production of Wall Ceramics. XV International Scientific Con-ference INTERAGROMASH 2022. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems book series (LNNS). 2023. 574. P. 2268 – 2282. URL: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-21432-5_248
23. Veras Fernandes J., Garcia Guedes D., Pereira da Costa F., Mendes Rodrigues A., Araújo Neves A., Rodrigues Menezes R., Navarro de Lima Santana S. Sustainable ceramic materials manufactured from ceramic formulations containing quartzite and scheelite tailings. Sustainability. 2020. 12 (22). P. 9417. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229417
24. Nebezhko Yu.I., Lapunova K.A. The relationship between aesthetic and technological properties of facing ceramic bricks . Modern trends in construction, urban development and territorial planning. 2024. 3 (4). P. 41 – 54.
25. Yavruyan Kh. S, Kotlyar V.D. Estimation of Chemical and Mineral Composition, Structural Features, and Pre-Firing Technological Properties of Waste Coal Heaps for Ceramic Production. MDPI, Buildings. 2024. 14 (7). 1905. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071905
26. Storozhenko, G.I.; Sapelkina, T.V.; Shoeva, T.E.; Sebelev, I.M. Ceramic Materials of Low-Temperature Sintering from Natural and Technogenic Rocks of the Tuva Republic. Stroitelnye Materialy. 2024. 9. P. 11 – 15. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2024-828-9-11-1
27. Uzhakhov K.M., Kotlyar A.V., Orlova M.E. Chemical and mineralogical features of the Republic of Ingushetia lower cretaceous argillites as the building ceramics production raw material. Stroitelnye Materialy 2025. DOI:10.31659/0585-430X-2025-834-4-25-32
2. James W.P. Campbell. Brick world history. Thames & Hudson Ltd. London. 2003. P. 320.
3. Bozkho Yu.I., Lapunova K., Ovdun D. Evaluation of the Aesthetic and Decorative Properties of Ceramic Bricks. XV International Scientific Conference (INTERAGROMASH 2022). Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. 2023. 575. P. 3074 – 3083. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21219-2_344
4. Singh N. Clays and Clay Minerals in the Construction Industry. Minerals. 2022. 12. P. 301. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12030301
5. El Hammouti A., Charai M., Salaheddine Ch., Horma O., Nasri H., Mezrhab A., Mustapha K., Abdou Tankari M. Laboratory-testing and industrial scale performance of different clays from eastern Morocco for brick manufacturing. Construction and Building Materials. 2023. Vol. 370. P. 130624. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130624
6. Jorgensen T., Lightfoot S. Twisting Clay: Creative Research to Explore the Complex Rheology in Ceramic Extrusion. FormAkademisk. 2023. 16 (4). P. 1 – 11. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7577/formakademisk.5423
7. Kotlyar V.D., Nebezhko Yu.I. Evaluation and characterization of molding masses based on loams in the production of soft-molding ceramic bricks. Construction materials. 2024. 4. P 20 – 26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2024-823-4-20-26
8. Avizovas R., Baskutis S., Navickas V., Tamándl L. Effect of chemical composition of clay on physical-mechanical properties of clay paving blocks. Buildings. 2022. Vol. 12. P. 943. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070943
9. Il’ina V.P. Ceramic Tile Based on Local Hydromica Clay and Pegmatite Tailings. Glass and Ceramics. 2022. Vol. 79. P. 51 – 56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10717-022-00453-w
10. Gerard C.J. Lynch. Brickwork: History, Technology and Practice. Vol. 2. Routledge. 2015. P. 220.
11. Carter C.B., Norton M.G. Ceramic Materials: Science and Engineering. Springer. 2013. P. 775.
12. Kotlyar V.D., Terekhina Yu.V., Lapunova K.A., Maltseva I.V. Characteristics and raw material base of siliceous carbonate rocks as raw materials for synthetic wollastonite production. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering. 2025. V. 336. 6. P. 84 – 95. https://doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2025/6/4764
13. Hojo J. Materials Chemistry of Ceramics. Springer. 2019. P. 237.
14. Rice R.W. Ceramic Fabrication Technology. CRC Press. 2003. P. 362.
15. Kalendova A., Kupková J., Urbaskova M., Merinska D. Applications of Clays in Nanocomposites and Ceramics. Minerals. 2024. 14 (1). P. 93. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14010093
16. Zhang B., Wang Ch., Zhang Y., Zhang X. Yang J. A novel method for fabricating brick-mortar structured alumina-zirconia ceramics with high toughness. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2022. 43 (10). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2022.10.013
17. Kotlyar V.D., Terekhina Yu.V. Mineral-chemical and structural features of opokamorphicopal-cristobalite rocks as raw material for the construction industry. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering. 2023. 334. 1. 145 – 155. URL: http://izvestiya.tpu.ru/archive/article/view/3852
18. Rakhimova G., Stolboushkin A., Vyshar O., Stanevich V., Murat Rakhimov M., Kozlov Р. Strong structure formation of ceramic composites based on coal mining overburden rocks. Journal of Composites Science. 2023. 7. P. 209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7050209 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jcs
19. An S.Y., Lee M.J., Shim Y.S. X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Various Calcium Silicate-Based Materials . Journal of Dental Hygiene Science. 2022. 22 (3). P. 191 – 198. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17135/jdhs.2022.22.3.191
20. International centre for diffraction data. URL: https://www.icdd.com
21. Mijatović N., Vasić M., Miličić L., Radomirovic M., Radojević Z. Fired pressed pellet as a sample preparation technique of choice for an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis of raw clays. Talanta. 2023. 252 (12). P. 123844. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123844
22. Kotlyar V., Terekhina Ya., Kotlyar A., Yashchenko R. Evaluation of Siliceous Opal-Cristobalite Rocks for the Production of Wall Ceramics. XV International Scientific Con-ference INTERAGROMASH 2022. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems book series (LNNS). 2023. 574. P. 2268 – 2282. URL: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-21432-5_248
23. Veras Fernandes J., Garcia Guedes D., Pereira da Costa F., Mendes Rodrigues A., Araújo Neves A., Rodrigues Menezes R., Navarro de Lima Santana S. Sustainable ceramic materials manufactured from ceramic formulations containing quartzite and scheelite tailings. Sustainability. 2020. 12 (22). P. 9417. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229417
24. Nebezhko Yu.I., Lapunova K.A. The relationship between aesthetic and technological properties of facing ceramic bricks . Modern trends in construction, urban development and territorial planning. 2024. 3 (4). P. 41 – 54.
25. Yavruyan Kh. S, Kotlyar V.D. Estimation of Chemical and Mineral Composition, Structural Features, and Pre-Firing Technological Properties of Waste Coal Heaps for Ceramic Production. MDPI, Buildings. 2024. 14 (7). 1905. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071905
26. Storozhenko, G.I.; Sapelkina, T.V.; Shoeva, T.E.; Sebelev, I.M. Ceramic Materials of Low-Temperature Sintering from Natural and Technogenic Rocks of the Tuva Republic. Stroitelnye Materialy. 2024. 9. P. 11 – 15. https://doi.org/10.31659/0585-430X-2024-828-9-11-1
27. Uzhakhov K.M., Kotlyar A.V., Orlova M.E. Chemical and mineralogical features of the Republic of Ingushetia lower cretaceous argillites as the building ceramics production raw material. Stroitelnye Materialy 2025. DOI:10.31659/0585-430X-2025-834-4-25-32
Kotlyar V.D., Nebezhko Yu.I. Comparison of technological properties of clay raw materials during the tests using plastic and soft methods of brick molding. Construction Materials and Products. 2026. 9 (2). 7. https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2026-9-2-7