Русский
English
This paper presents a field (full-scale) study comparing the thermal performance of a ventilated rainscreen façade (VRF) and a traditional plastered (“wet”) façade on the eastern façade of a nine-story reinforced concrete frame residential building in Southern Kazakhstan during a hot summer period. Sensor-equipped sections of the multilayer wall structure from the 1st to the 9th floors were monitored simultaneously using DS18B20 multichannel contact temperature sensors, an unmanned thermal imaging system (DJI Mavic 3 Thermal), and a handheld thermal imager (Testo 875), providing double, independent validation of surface temperature data. Measurements were taken at 9:00, 12:00, 15:00, and 18:00 on a typical hot day. Although the temperature of the VRF exterior cladding during peak insolation hours exceeded the temperature of the wet façade by up to 2.2°C (reaching 60.1°C on the ninth floor at midday), the temperature of the VRF internal surface was consistently lower than the temperature of the wet façade internal surface on virtually all floors and at all times, the decrease reached 1.55°C, and averaged 1.0-1.3°C during the hottest hours. This apparent paradox, a hotter exterior cladding with a cooler internal surface, is explained by convective decoupling, which is provided by the ventilated air gap: it removes solar-heated air before it has a chance to transfer heat to the load-bearing wall via conduction. Based on the measured temperature difference of the internal surface and its standard heat transfer coefficient, it was shown that the conductive-convective component of the air-conditioning load for rooms behind the VRF is reduced by approximately 7-10% compared to a wet façade during typical hot daytime hours. These results, which relate to the relatively little-studied hot arid/continental climate of Central Asia, expand the evidence base, formed primarily from Mediterranean and Western European studies, and create a natural experimental basis for further thermal and aerodynamic modeling of the ventilated air gap.
1. International Energy Agency (IEA). Energy Efficiency 2025 – Buildings. Paris: IEA, 2025. URL: https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-2025/buildings
2. International Energy Agency (IEA). World Energy Outlook 2024. Paris: IEA, 2024. URL: https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2024
3. International Energy Agency (IEA). Staying Cool without Overheating the Energy System. Paris: IEA, 2025. URL: https://www.iea.org/commentaries/staying-cool-without-overheating-the-energy-system
4. Ibañez-Puy M., Vidaurre-Arbizu M., Sacristán-Fernández J.A., Martín-Gómez C. Opaque ventilated façades: Thermal and energy performance review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017. 79. P. 180 – 191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.059
5. Pizzatto S., Pizzatto F., Raupp-Pereira F., Arcaro S., Angioletto E., Montedo O. Ventilated facade system: A review. Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio. 2025. 64. 100443. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bsecv.2025.100443
6. Balocco C. A simple model to study ventilated facades energy performance. Energy and Buildings. 2002. 34. P. 469 – 475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(01)00130-X
7. Ciampi M., Leccese F., Tuoni G. Ventilated facades energy performance in summer cooling of buildings. Solar Energy. 2003. 75. P. 491 – 502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2003.09.010
8. Gratia E., De Herde A. Natural cooling strategies efficiency in an office building with a double-skin façade. Energy and Buildings. 2004. 36. P. 1139 – 1152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.05.004
9. Sanjuan C., Suárez M.J., González M., Pistono J., Blanco E. Energy performance of an open-joint ventilated façade compared with a conventional sealed cavity façade. Solar Energy. 2011. 85. P. 1851 – 1863. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2011.04.028
10. Marinosci C., Strachan P.A., Semprini G., Morini G.L. Empirical validation and modelling of a naturally ventilated rainscreen façade building. Energy and Buildings. 2011. 43. P. 853 – 863. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.12.005
11. Stazi F., Tomassoni F., Vegliò A., Di Perna C. Experimental evaluation of ventilated walls with an external clay cladding. Renewable Energy. 2011. 36. P. 3373 – 3385. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.05.016
12. Labat M., Woloszyn M., Garnier G., Rusaouen G., Roux J.J. Impact of direct solar irradiance on heat transfer behind an open-jointed ventilated cladding: experimental and numerical investigations. Solar Energy. 2012. 86. P. 2549 – 2560. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2012.05.030
13. Gagliano A., Patania F., Nocera F., Ferlito A., Galesi A. Thermal performance of ventilated roofs during summer period. Energy and Buildings. 2012. 49. P. 611 – 618. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.03.007
14. Yu J., Yang J., Xiong C. Study of dynamic thermal performance of hollow block ventilated wall. Renewable Energy. 2015. 84. P. 145 – 151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.07.020
15. Tong S., Li H. An efficient model development and experimental study for the heat transfer in naturally ventilated inclined roofs. Building and Environment. 2014. 81. P. 296 – 308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.07.009
16. Zhao X., Dugue A., Bonnamy P., Javier Miguel F., Martinez A., Theodosiou T., Liu J.-S., Brown N. Numerical investigation of the energy performance of an Opaque Ventilated Façade system employing a smart modular heat recovery unit and a latent heat thermal energy system. Applied Energy. 2017. 205. P. 130 – 152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.07.042
17. Gagliano A., Aneli S. Analysis of the energy performance of an opaque ventilated façade under winter and summer weather conditions. Solar Energy. 2020. 205. P. 531 – 544. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.05.078
18. Karanafti A., Theodosiou T., Tsikaloudaki K. Assessment of buildings' dynamic thermal insulation technologies – A review. Applied Energy. 2022. 326. 119920. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119985
19. Lin Z., Song Y., Chu Y. An experimental study of the summer and winter thermal performance of an opaque ventilated facade in cold zone of China. Building and Environment. 2022. 218. 109108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109108
20. Karanafti A., Theodosiou T. Summer thermal performance analysis of an Opaque ventilated Façade operating under the dynamic insulation principle. Energy and Buildings. 2024. 312. 114193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114193
21. Domínguez-Torres C.A., Suárez R., León-Rodríguez Á.L., Domínguez-Delgado A. Parametric energy optimization of a ventilated facade with windows in Mediterranean climates. Renewable Energy. 2024. 227. 120398. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.120398
22. Roig O., Summa S., Pardal C., Isalgue A., Di Perna C., Stazi F. Opaque ventilated façades: Energy performance for different main walls and claddings. Energy and Buildings. 2024. 314. 114280. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114280
23. De Masi R.F., Ruggiero S., Vanoli G.P. Hygro-thermal performance of an opaque ventilated façade with recycled materials during winter time. Energy and Buildings. 2024. 315. 114294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110994
24. Pankratov E.L. A Model of Distribution of Temperature in A Ventilated Facades. Advanced Engineering Technology and Application. 2025. 14 (1). P. 1 – 6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18576/aeta/140101
25. Di Nunzio G., Al-Mansouri O., Muciaccia G., Gabs A. In-plane behaviour of lightweight façade systems installed in masonry and concrete under simulated seismic loading. Journal of Building Engineering. 2023. 63. 105442. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105442
26. Tabatabaei S., Fayaz R. The effect of facade materials and coatings on urban heat island mitigation and outdoor thermal comfort in hot semi-arid climate. Building and Environment. 2023. 243. 110701. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110701
27. Hong C., Wang Y., Gu Z., Yu C.W. Cool facades to mitigate urban heat island effects. Indoor and Built Environment. 2022. 31. P. 2409 – 2427. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X221115369
28. Maciel A.C.F., Carvalho M.T. Methodology used to investigate the energy savings of opaque ventilated façades in residential buildings in Brazil. MethodsX. 2021. 8. 101227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2021.101227
29. Wang Y., Chen Y., Zhou J. Dynamic modeling of the ventilated double skin façade in hot summer and cold winter zone in China. Building and Environment. 2016. 106. P. 365 – 377. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.07.012
30. International Organization for Standardization. ISO 6946:2017. Building Components and Building Elements – Thermal Resistance and Thermal Transmittance – Calculation Methods. Geneva: ISO, 2017.
31. Al-Sanea S.A., Zedan M.F. Improving thermal performance of building walls by optimizing insulation layer distribution and thickness for same thermal mass. Applied Energy. 2011. 88. P. 3113–3124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.02.036
32. Zhangabay N., Tursunkululy T., Ibraimova U., Abdikerova U. Energy-efficient adaptive dynamic building facades: A review of their energy efficiency and operating loads. Applied Sciences. 2024. 14. 10979. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app142310979
33. Rahiminejad M., Khovalyg D. Experimental study of the hydrodynamic and thermal performances of ventilated wall structures. Building and Environment. 2023. 233. 110114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110114
34. Zhangabay N., Zhangabay A., Utelbayeva A., Tursunkululy T., Zakaria R., Bakhbergen S. Full-scale experimental investigation of the influence of solar radiation on the thermal behavior of ventilated façade envelope systems under hot climate conditions. Buildings. 2026. 16. 122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16010122
35. Duissenbekov B., Tokmuratov A., Orazbayev Zh., Yerimbetov B., Aldiyarov Zh. Finite-difference equations of quasistatic motion of the shallow concrete shells in nonlinear setting. Curved and Layered Structures. 2020. 7 (1). P. 48 – 55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/cls-2020-0005
36. Borodin K., Zhangabay N. Mechanical characteristics, as well as physical-and-chemical properties of the slag-filled concretes, and investigation of the predictive power of the metaheuristic approach. Curved and Layered Structures. 2019. 6 (1). P. 236 – 244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/cls-2019-0020
37. Zhangabay N., Ibraimova U., Suleimenov U., Moldagaliyev A., Buganova S., Jumabayev A., Kolesnikov A., Tursunkululy T., Zhiyenkulkyzy D., Khalelova A., et al. Factors affecting extended avalanche destructions on long-distance gas pipe lines: Review. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 2023. 19. e02376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02376
38. Shcherban’ E.M., Beskopylny A.N., Stel’makh S.A., Mailyan L.R., Shilov A.A., Nguyen Q.H., Yamin S., Chernil’nik A.A., Elshaeva D.M. Study of thermophysical characteristics of variatropic concretes. Construction Materials and Products. 2024. 7 (4). P. 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2024-7-4-2
39. Naumov A.E., Suvorova M.O., Bakaeva N.V., Danilina N.V. Building life-cycle management by carbon homeostasis potential. Construction Materials and Products. 2024. 7 (4). P. 8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2024-7-4-8
40. Petropavlovskaya V.B., Petropavlovskii K.S., Novichenkova T.B., Klyuev S.V., Vasilev Yu.E., Ignatyev A.A. Fine-grained cement concrete with compressed structure, modified with basalt technogenic highly dispersed powder. Construction Materials and Products. 2025. 8 (4). P. 17 – 36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2025-8-4-2
41. Fedosov S.V., Aleksandrova O.V., Bakanov M.O. Heat and mass transfer in concrete mixtures during transportation along the route «Manufacturer of liquid-phase solution – consumer of solid-phase concrete». Construction Materials and Products. 2025. 8 (6). P. 6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2025-8-6-6
42. Sargsyan S.V., Agafonova V.V. Influence of heat resistance of the enclosing structures of a heated room on the choice of the type and location of the heating device. Construction Materials and Products. 2026. 9 (1). P. 5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2026-9-1-5
43. Zhangabay N., Zhangabay A., Utelbayeva A., Bonopera M., Akmalaiuly K., Tursunkululy T. Thermo-aerodynamic response of a multilayer ventilated façade under high solar radiation: A full-scale, full-height experimental analysis of a 0.6-m-wide instrumented test channel on a nine-storey residential building. Results in Engineering. 2026, P.112785. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2026.112785
2. International Energy Agency (IEA). World Energy Outlook 2024. Paris: IEA, 2024. URL: https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2024
3. International Energy Agency (IEA). Staying Cool without Overheating the Energy System. Paris: IEA, 2025. URL: https://www.iea.org/commentaries/staying-cool-without-overheating-the-energy-system
4. Ibañez-Puy M., Vidaurre-Arbizu M., Sacristán-Fernández J.A., Martín-Gómez C. Opaque ventilated façades: Thermal and energy performance review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017. 79. P. 180 – 191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.059
5. Pizzatto S., Pizzatto F., Raupp-Pereira F., Arcaro S., Angioletto E., Montedo O. Ventilated facade system: A review. Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio. 2025. 64. 100443. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bsecv.2025.100443
6. Balocco C. A simple model to study ventilated facades energy performance. Energy and Buildings. 2002. 34. P. 469 – 475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(01)00130-X
7. Ciampi M., Leccese F., Tuoni G. Ventilated facades energy performance in summer cooling of buildings. Solar Energy. 2003. 75. P. 491 – 502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2003.09.010
8. Gratia E., De Herde A. Natural cooling strategies efficiency in an office building with a double-skin façade. Energy and Buildings. 2004. 36. P. 1139 – 1152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.05.004
9. Sanjuan C., Suárez M.J., González M., Pistono J., Blanco E. Energy performance of an open-joint ventilated façade compared with a conventional sealed cavity façade. Solar Energy. 2011. 85. P. 1851 – 1863. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2011.04.028
10. Marinosci C., Strachan P.A., Semprini G., Morini G.L. Empirical validation and modelling of a naturally ventilated rainscreen façade building. Energy and Buildings. 2011. 43. P. 853 – 863. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.12.005
11. Stazi F., Tomassoni F., Vegliò A., Di Perna C. Experimental evaluation of ventilated walls with an external clay cladding. Renewable Energy. 2011. 36. P. 3373 – 3385. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.05.016
12. Labat M., Woloszyn M., Garnier G., Rusaouen G., Roux J.J. Impact of direct solar irradiance on heat transfer behind an open-jointed ventilated cladding: experimental and numerical investigations. Solar Energy. 2012. 86. P. 2549 – 2560. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2012.05.030
13. Gagliano A., Patania F., Nocera F., Ferlito A., Galesi A. Thermal performance of ventilated roofs during summer period. Energy and Buildings. 2012. 49. P. 611 – 618. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.03.007
14. Yu J., Yang J., Xiong C. Study of dynamic thermal performance of hollow block ventilated wall. Renewable Energy. 2015. 84. P. 145 – 151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.07.020
15. Tong S., Li H. An efficient model development and experimental study for the heat transfer in naturally ventilated inclined roofs. Building and Environment. 2014. 81. P. 296 – 308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.07.009
16. Zhao X., Dugue A., Bonnamy P., Javier Miguel F., Martinez A., Theodosiou T., Liu J.-S., Brown N. Numerical investigation of the energy performance of an Opaque Ventilated Façade system employing a smart modular heat recovery unit and a latent heat thermal energy system. Applied Energy. 2017. 205. P. 130 – 152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.07.042
17. Gagliano A., Aneli S. Analysis of the energy performance of an opaque ventilated façade under winter and summer weather conditions. Solar Energy. 2020. 205. P. 531 – 544. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.05.078
18. Karanafti A., Theodosiou T., Tsikaloudaki K. Assessment of buildings' dynamic thermal insulation technologies – A review. Applied Energy. 2022. 326. 119920. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119985
19. Lin Z., Song Y., Chu Y. An experimental study of the summer and winter thermal performance of an opaque ventilated facade in cold zone of China. Building and Environment. 2022. 218. 109108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109108
20. Karanafti A., Theodosiou T. Summer thermal performance analysis of an Opaque ventilated Façade operating under the dynamic insulation principle. Energy and Buildings. 2024. 312. 114193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114193
21. Domínguez-Torres C.A., Suárez R., León-Rodríguez Á.L., Domínguez-Delgado A. Parametric energy optimization of a ventilated facade with windows in Mediterranean climates. Renewable Energy. 2024. 227. 120398. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.120398
22. Roig O., Summa S., Pardal C., Isalgue A., Di Perna C., Stazi F. Opaque ventilated façades: Energy performance for different main walls and claddings. Energy and Buildings. 2024. 314. 114280. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114280
23. De Masi R.F., Ruggiero S., Vanoli G.P. Hygro-thermal performance of an opaque ventilated façade with recycled materials during winter time. Energy and Buildings. 2024. 315. 114294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110994
24. Pankratov E.L. A Model of Distribution of Temperature in A Ventilated Facades. Advanced Engineering Technology and Application. 2025. 14 (1). P. 1 – 6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18576/aeta/140101
25. Di Nunzio G., Al-Mansouri O., Muciaccia G., Gabs A. In-plane behaviour of lightweight façade systems installed in masonry and concrete under simulated seismic loading. Journal of Building Engineering. 2023. 63. 105442. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105442
26. Tabatabaei S., Fayaz R. The effect of facade materials and coatings on urban heat island mitigation and outdoor thermal comfort in hot semi-arid climate. Building and Environment. 2023. 243. 110701. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110701
27. Hong C., Wang Y., Gu Z., Yu C.W. Cool facades to mitigate urban heat island effects. Indoor and Built Environment. 2022. 31. P. 2409 – 2427. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X221115369
28. Maciel A.C.F., Carvalho M.T. Methodology used to investigate the energy savings of opaque ventilated façades in residential buildings in Brazil. MethodsX. 2021. 8. 101227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2021.101227
29. Wang Y., Chen Y., Zhou J. Dynamic modeling of the ventilated double skin façade in hot summer and cold winter zone in China. Building and Environment. 2016. 106. P. 365 – 377. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.07.012
30. International Organization for Standardization. ISO 6946:2017. Building Components and Building Elements – Thermal Resistance and Thermal Transmittance – Calculation Methods. Geneva: ISO, 2017.
31. Al-Sanea S.A., Zedan M.F. Improving thermal performance of building walls by optimizing insulation layer distribution and thickness for same thermal mass. Applied Energy. 2011. 88. P. 3113–3124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.02.036
32. Zhangabay N., Tursunkululy T., Ibraimova U., Abdikerova U. Energy-efficient adaptive dynamic building facades: A review of their energy efficiency and operating loads. Applied Sciences. 2024. 14. 10979. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app142310979
33. Rahiminejad M., Khovalyg D. Experimental study of the hydrodynamic and thermal performances of ventilated wall structures. Building and Environment. 2023. 233. 110114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110114
34. Zhangabay N., Zhangabay A., Utelbayeva A., Tursunkululy T., Zakaria R., Bakhbergen S. Full-scale experimental investigation of the influence of solar radiation on the thermal behavior of ventilated façade envelope systems under hot climate conditions. Buildings. 2026. 16. 122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16010122
35. Duissenbekov B., Tokmuratov A., Orazbayev Zh., Yerimbetov B., Aldiyarov Zh. Finite-difference equations of quasistatic motion of the shallow concrete shells in nonlinear setting. Curved and Layered Structures. 2020. 7 (1). P. 48 – 55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/cls-2020-0005
36. Borodin K., Zhangabay N. Mechanical characteristics, as well as physical-and-chemical properties of the slag-filled concretes, and investigation of the predictive power of the metaheuristic approach. Curved and Layered Structures. 2019. 6 (1). P. 236 – 244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/cls-2019-0020
37. Zhangabay N., Ibraimova U., Suleimenov U., Moldagaliyev A., Buganova S., Jumabayev A., Kolesnikov A., Tursunkululy T., Zhiyenkulkyzy D., Khalelova A., et al. Factors affecting extended avalanche destructions on long-distance gas pipe lines: Review. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 2023. 19. e02376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02376
38. Shcherban’ E.M., Beskopylny A.N., Stel’makh S.A., Mailyan L.R., Shilov A.A., Nguyen Q.H., Yamin S., Chernil’nik A.A., Elshaeva D.M. Study of thermophysical characteristics of variatropic concretes. Construction Materials and Products. 2024. 7 (4). P. 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2024-7-4-2
39. Naumov A.E., Suvorova M.O., Bakaeva N.V., Danilina N.V. Building life-cycle management by carbon homeostasis potential. Construction Materials and Products. 2024. 7 (4). P. 8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2024-7-4-8
40. Petropavlovskaya V.B., Petropavlovskii K.S., Novichenkova T.B., Klyuev S.V., Vasilev Yu.E., Ignatyev A.A. Fine-grained cement concrete with compressed structure, modified with basalt technogenic highly dispersed powder. Construction Materials and Products. 2025. 8 (4). P. 17 – 36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2025-8-4-2
41. Fedosov S.V., Aleksandrova O.V., Bakanov M.O. Heat and mass transfer in concrete mixtures during transportation along the route «Manufacturer of liquid-phase solution – consumer of solid-phase concrete». Construction Materials and Products. 2025. 8 (6). P. 6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2025-8-6-6
42. Sargsyan S.V., Agafonova V.V. Influence of heat resistance of the enclosing structures of a heated room on the choice of the type and location of the heating device. Construction Materials and Products. 2026. 9 (1). P. 5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2026-9-1-5
43. Zhangabay N., Zhangabay A., Utelbayeva A., Bonopera M., Akmalaiuly K., Tursunkululy T. Thermo-aerodynamic response of a multilayer ventilated façade under high solar radiation: A full-scale, full-height experimental analysis of a 0.6-m-wide instrumented test channel on a nine-storey residential building. Results in Engineering. 2026, P.112785. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2026.112785
Zhangabay N.Zh., Suleimenov U.S., Utelbayeva A.B., Aidarova A.B., Kolesnikov A.S., Tursunkulov I.B., Tursunkululy T., Nazmi M.N. A field comparison of the thermal performance of ventilated and plastered façades in hot conditions using the climate of Southern Kazakhstan as an example: internal surface temperature and air conditioning energy efficiency. Construction Materials and Products. 2026. 9 (5). 2. https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2026-9-5-2