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This paper presents a scientifically substantiated and experimentally validated study of the structure formation patterns of a polychelate composite based on a polymer matrix and enrichment waste used as a filler. It was established that cyclic cryogenic exposure ensures the formation of a heterogeneous, highly filled system with developed interphase zones. Using powder X-ray diffraction, basal reflections of layered hydrosilicates (muscovite-2M1 and kaolinite-2M) were recorded against a pronounced amorphous halo of the polymer matrix, demonstrating the chemisorption process without disrupting the crystalline structure of the filler. The observed polymorphic transformation of feldspars, with the transition of sanidine and microcline to orthoclase, indicates deep relaxation of internal microstresses in defective near-surface layers at the phase boundary. This process occurs due to the formation of coordination bonds between the functional groups of the matrix and the metal cations of the filler, which is confirmed by the high-frequency shift of the stretching vibrations of carboxylate anions in the infrared spectrum. The method of computed X-ray microtomography revealed the formation of a continuous spatial framework, the dominance of pores with sizes of 15-45 μm and the presence of a large number of isolated micropores with an average size of 13 μm. The spatial organomineral structure formed during cryogenic treatment is characterized by a low thermal conductivity coefficient (0.18 W/(m⋅K)) and the maximum water resistance grade (W20). The method of biotesting on test objects of two trophic levels proved the environmental safety of the developed material: the mortality rates of Daphnia magna Straus were 3.8–7.0%, deviations in the number of Chlorella vulgaris Beijer cells were 1.6-17.4%. The high efficiency of chemisorption immobilization of toxic components in the composite structure eliminates the risks of their desorption and leaching, which allows it to be recommended for reliable hydro- and thermal insulation of tailings storage facilities in cryolithozone conditions.
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2. Chingwaru S.J., Tadie M., Von der Heyden B. Characterization of Gold in Complex Historical Refractory Tailings for Enhanced Process Optimization. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review. 2025. 46 (2). P. 193 – 209. https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2023.2298728
3. Wu Z., Tao Y., Ran J. et al. Nanobubble-enhanced flotation of auriferous pyrite in gold ore: Behavior and mechanisms. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials. 2025. 32. P. 1826 – 1837. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-025-3097-7
4. Erkan E., Ekmekci Z., Altun E. Comparison of flash flotation and gravity separation performance in a greenfield gold project. Physicochemical problems of mineral processing. 2022. 58 (3). P. 146979. https://doi.org/10.37190/ppmp/146979
5. McGrath T.D.H., Staunton W.P., Eksteen J.J. Development of a laboratory test to characterise the behaviour of free gold for use in a combined flash flotation and gravity concentrator model. Minerals Engineering. 2013. 53. P. 276 – 285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2013.08.004
6. Hilger D.M., Blowes D.W., Brookfield A.E. et al. Influence of mine dewatering-effluent cycling on arsenic loading in a gold mine tailings containment area. Water Resources Research. 2025. 61. e2024WR039686. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024WR039686
7. Lemieux J.-M., Frampton A., Fortier P. Recent Advances (2018-2023) and Research Opportunities in the Study of Groundwater in Cold Regions. Permafrost and Periglac Process. 2025. 36. P. 93 – 109. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2255
8. Kallenborn R., Gabrielsen G.W., Vorkamp K. et al. Industrial and public infrastructure as local sources of organic contaminants in the Arctic. Environmental Science: Advances. 2026. 5 (2). P. 304 – 347. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5va00261c
9. He M., Wang L., Yao W. et al. Engineering Applications in Rock Dynamics. In: AI for Rock Dynamics. 2025. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5342-3_8
10. Knutsson R., Viklander P., Knutsson S. et al. How to avoid permafrost while depositing tailings in cold climate. Cold Regions Science and Technology. 2018. 153. P. 86 – 96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.05.009
11. Pashkevich M.A., Alekseenko A.V. Reutilization prospects of diamond clay tailings at the Lomonosov mine, Northwestern Russia. Minerals. 2020. 10 (6). P. 517. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10060517
12. Aniskin N.A., Antonov A.S. Numerical Modelling of Tailings Dam Thermal-Seepage Regime Considering Phase Transitions. Modelling and Simulation in Engineering. 2017. 7245413. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7245413
13. Edelev A.V., Yurkevich N.V., Gureev V.N. et al. Reclamation of waste storage sites of the mining industry in the Russian Federation. Journal of Mining Science. 2022. 58 (6). P. 1053 – 1068. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062739122060205
14. Babenko D.A., Pashkevich M.A., Alekseenko A.V. Water quality management at the tailings storage facility of the Gaisky Mining and Processing Plant. Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska. 2020. 22 (1). P. 214 – 225.
15. Fan Y.H., Kerry Rowe R., Brachman R.W.I. et al. Impact of differential settlement on leakage through geomembranes in waste covers. Geosynthetics International. 2025. 32 (1). P. 82 – 93. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgein.23.00175
16. Esford F., Bedell P., Lamontange E. Case study – tailings dam construction in an arctic climate. In Mine Waste 2010: Proceedings of the First International Seminar on the Reduction of Risk in the Management of Tailings and Mine Waste. 2010. P. 181 – 191. https://doi.org/10.36487/ACG_rep/1008_16_Esford
17. Fan J., Rowe R.K. Effect of subgrade on leakage through a defective geomembrane seam below saturated tailings. Geotextiles and Geomembranes. 2023. 51 (2). P. 360 – 369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2022.12.003
18. Tuomela A., Ronkanen A.K., Rossi P.M. et al. Using geomembrane liners to reduce seepage through the base of tailings ponds – A review and a framework for design guidelines. Geosciences. 2021. 11(2). P. 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11020093
19. Rowe R.K., Fan J. The application of geosynthetics in tailings storage facilities: a general review. Mining. 2024. 4 (2). P. 447 – 468. https://doi.org/10.3390/mining4020026
20. Aparicio-Ardila M.A., Silva J.L.D. Textured high-density polyethylene geomembranes in geotechnical and environmental engineering: an overview. Soils and Rocks. 2026. 49 (2). e2026012325. https://doi.org/10.28927/SR.2026.012325
21. Araujo F.S., Taborda-Llano I., Nunes E.B. et al. Recycling and reuse of mine tailings: A review of advancements and their implications. Geosciences. 2022. 12 (9). P. 319. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12090319
22. Villachica C., Clemente-Jul C., Villachica J. et al. Circular economy in tailings management. Mine Water and the Environment. 2021. 40 (1). P. 23 – 35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-020-00740-4
23. Manaviparast H.R., Miranda T., Pereira E. et al. A comprehensive review on mine tailings as a raw material in the alkali activation process. Applied Sciences. 2024. 14 (12). P. 5127. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125127
24. Lozinsky V.I., Savina I.N. A study of cryostructuring of polymer systems: 22. Composite poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogels filled with dispersed particles of various degrees of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity. Colloid Journal. 2002. 64 (3). P. 336 – 343. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015920810103
25. Savina I.N., Lozinsky V.I. Study of cryostructuring of polymer systems: 23. Composite poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogels filled with dispersed particles containing ionogenic groups. Colloid Journal. 2004. 66. P. 343 – 350. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:COLL.0000030847.67513.5e
26. Podorozhko E.A., Buzin M.I., Golubev E.K. et al. A study of cryostructuring of polymer systems. 59. Effect of cryogenic treatment of preliminarily deformed poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogels on their physicochemical properties. Colloid Journal. 2021. 83 (5). P. 634 – 641. DOI: 10.1134/S1061933X21050112.
27. Raj N., Selvakumar S., Soundara B. et al. Sustainable utilization of biopolymers as green adhesive in soil improvement: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2023. 30 (56). P. 118117 – 118132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30642-1
28. Wiśniewska M., Chibowski S. Influence of temperature and purity of polyacrylic acid on its adsorption and surface structures at the ZrO2/polymer solution interface. Adsorption Science & Technology. 2005. 23 (8). P. 655 – 667. https://doi.org/10.1260/026361705775373279
29. Pankov P., Bespolitov D., Shavanov N. et al. Structural forming of soil composites using as a pavement subgrade strengthening. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 2024. 20. P. e02847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02847
30. Pankov P., Bespolitov D., Konovalova N. et al. Cryostructuring of Organic-Inorganic Composite Materials Based on Overburden Rocks. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials. 2026. 36. P. 1807 – 1818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-025-03977-0
Pankov P.P., Konovalova N.A., Bespolitov D.V., Shavanov N.D., Razmakhnin K.K., Fediuk R.S. Structure formation of a polychelate composite based on waste mining for hydro- and thermal insulation of tailings in the cryolithozone. Construction Materials and Products. 2026. 9 (5). 3. https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2026-9-5-3