The article substantiates the possibility of obtaining organo-inorganic composite materials with improved functional properties based on technogenic soil and high-molecular substances. The specific effective activity of natural radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th, 40K) of technogenic soil was 97±12 Bq/kg, which allows use in the production of building materials without restrictions. Using the methods of atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry, powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, data on the composition, properties and structural features of technogenic soil were obtained, allowing us to assess the possibility of its use as a dispersed filler for the composite. It was revealed that the organo-inorganic composite material is frost-resistant, waterproof, and is characterized by a compressive strength of 6.20 MPa and a thermal conductivity of 0.20 W/(m•K). The mechanism of composite structure formation was established, which consists in the reorganization of hydrate shells and the formation of organomineral complexes during the interaction of the polymer matrix and dispersed filler particles. The effectiveness of cryogenic treatment in transforming the pore space of the composite and improving its functional properties was shown. It was revealed that cryostructuring contributes to an increase in the pore volume of the composite by 1.4 times, which determines its thermophysical properties.