The article addresses a pressing issue – air pollution in cities with fine dust particles. This study collected 18 dust samples during spring and autumn periods in various parts of Elista city. Based on the analysis results of the selected dust’s dispersed composition, regression equations were developed, where the dependent variable was the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5, and the independent variables were the distance from the sampling site to the highway and the height of the sampling site from the ground. Samples were collected from window sills and other horizontal surfaces where dust settled from atmospheric air. Thus, the study aimed to critically analyze the patterns of dust composition changes in the air influenced by various factors, excluding the impact of industrial production, which is not widespread in this city. Empirical dependencies of fine dust concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 fractions on the distance from the road and the height of the sampling site were obtained. A general range of values was obtained for the dust mass distribution function by particle diameters during spring and autumn. The study found that the geometry of the building, its relative position to seasonal winds, and the distance from the road play a much more significant role in the dispersed composition than wind speed, humidity level, or season