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A topical issue in the modernization of housing and communal services is increasing the energy efficiency of enclosing structures while maintaining the standard strength and durability of wall materials. The study aimed to investigate opportunities for the use of glass cullet and fly ash in the production of autoclaved silicate bricks to reduce their thermal conductivity. The tested characteristics included average density, the thermal conductivity coefficient, compressive and flexural strength, water absorption, and frost resistance. The introduction of glass powder and fly ash was found to consistently lower the average density of silicate bricks from 1,910–1,950 to 1,625–1,700 kg/m³ and the thermal conductivity from 0.88–0.91 to 0.52–0.54 W/(m•K). The optimal compositions (samples No. 2 and No. 3) reduced thermal conductivity by 25–30% compared to the control sample with compressive strength remaining above 17.5 MPa and frost resistance in the range of F27–F35. An analysis of microstructural and phase characteristics based on SEM and XRD data showed that the improvement of thermophysical properties was due to the formation of a finely porous structure and a mixed hydrate matrix containing tobermorite and an amorphous C–S–H phase. The results confirm the expedience of using glass cullet and fly ash to produce energy-efficient silicate bricks suitable for use in enclosing structures in the framework of modernizing the facilities of housing and community services, which will not require major changes to current production technologies.
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6. Szudek W., Gołek Ł., Malata G., Pytel Z. Influence of waste glass powder Aaddition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of autoclaved building materials. Materials. 2022. 15 (2). P. 434. DOI: 10.3390/ma15020434
7. Malferrari D., Galamini G., Bernini M., Fantini R., Malvolti G., Gualtieri A.F. Kinetic investigation of tobermorite synthesis for the recovery of carcinogenic respirable crystalline silica (RCS). ACS Omega. 2025. 10 (43). P. 51284 – 51296. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.5c06547
8. Smalakys G. Peculiarities of tobermorite and xonotlite synthesis from natural rocks, their properties and application: Doctoral dissertation. Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, 2021.
9. Coleman N.J. 11 Å tobermorite ion exchanger from recycled container glass. International Journal of Environment and Waste Management. 2011. 8 (3-4). P. 366 – 382. DOI: 10.1504/IJEWM.2011.042642
10. Pan X., Guo Y., Zou Z., Wang Z., Yu H. Crystallization mechanism and physical properties of xonotlite intensified by inorganic and organic additives based on direct hydrothermal synthesis. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 2024. 640. P. 123121. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2024.123121
11. Borek K., Czapik, P. Utilization of waste glass in autoclaved silica-lime materials. Materials. 2022. 15 (2). P. 549. DOI: 10.3390/ma15020549
12. Borek K., Czapik P., Dachowski R. Recycled glass as a substitute for quartz sand in silicate products. Materials. 2020. 13 (5). P. 1030. DOI: 10.3390/ma13051030
13. Stępień A., Leśniak M., Sitarz M. A Sustainable autoclaved material made of glass sand. Buildings. 2019. 9 (11). P. 232. DOI: 10.3390/buildings9110232
14. Kwiatkowska M., Stępień A.. Influence of glass components on the properties and structure of sand-lime materials. Construction of Optimized Energy Potential. 2022. 11. P. 129 – 136. DOI: 10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.15
15. Majdinasab A., Yuan Q. Synthesis of Al-substituted 11Å tobermorite using waste glass cullet: a study on the microstructure. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2020. 250. P. 123069. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.123069
16. Walczak P., Małolepszy J., Reben M., Szymański P., Rzepa K. Utilization of waste glass in autoclaved aerated concrete. Procedia Engineering. 2015. 122. P. 302 – 309. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.10.040
17. Yuan B., Brouwers H.J.H., Chen W. Valorization of municipal waste glass powder in autoclaved aerated concrete: Microstructural evolution and performance analysis. Journal of Building Engineering. 2025. 105. P. 112335. DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112335
18. Du X., Xu Z., Li J., Wang L. Effects of lime content on properties of autoclaved aerated concrete made from circulating fluidized bed ash. Developments in the Built Environment. 2024. 18. P. 100406. DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100406
19. Kumar S. A perspective study on fly ash–lime–gypsum bricks and hollow blocks for low cost housing development. Construction and Building Materials. 2002. 16 (8). P. 519 – 525. DOI: 10.1016/S0950-0618(02)00034-X
20. Cicek T., Tanriverdi M. Lime based steam autoclaved fly ash bricks. Construction and Building Materials. 2007. 21 (6). P. 1295 – 1300. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.01.005
21. Shi X., Liao Q., Chen K., Wang Y., Liu L., Wang F., Zhu H., Zhang L., Liu C. Foaming process and thermal insulation properties of foamed glass-ceramics prepared by recycling muti-solid wastes. Construction and Building Materials. 2025. 466. P. 140270. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140270
22. Federico L.M., Chidiac S.E. Waste glass as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete – critical review of treatment methods. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2009. 31 (8). P. 606 – 610. DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.02.001
23. Shayan A., Xu A. Performance of glass powder as a pozzolanic material in concrete: a field trial on concrete slabs. Cement and Concrete Research. 2006. 36. P. 457 – 468. DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.12.012
24. Idir R., Cyr M., Tagnit-Hamou A. Use of fine glass as ASR inhibitor in glass aggregate mortars. Construction and Building Materials. 2010. 24 (7). P. 1309 – 1312. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.12.030
25. Rashad A.M. Recycled waste glass as fine aggregate replacement in cementitious materials based on Portland cement. Construction and Building Materials. 2014. 72. P. 340 – 357. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.092
26. Du H., Tan K.H. Effect of particle size on alkali–silica reaction in recycled glass mortars. Construction and Building Materials. 2014. 66. P. 275 – 285. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.092
27. Ke G., Li W., Li R., Li Y., Wang G. Mitigation effect of waste glass powders on alkali–silica reaction (ASR) expansion in cementitious composite. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials. 2018. 12. P. 67. DOI: 10.1186/s40069-018-0299-7
28. Cai Y., Xuan D., Poon C.S. Effects of nano-SiO₂ and glass powder on mitigating alkali-silica reaction of cement glass mortars. Construction and Building Materials. 2019. 201. P. 295 – 302. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.186
29. Omran A., Tagnit-Hamou A. Performance of glass-powder concrete in field applications. Construction and Building Materials. 2016. 109. P. 84 – 95. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.006
30. Paul S.C., Šavija B., Babafemi A.J. A comprehensive review on mechanical and durability properties of cement-based materials containing waste recycled glass Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018. 198. P. 891 – 906. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.095
31. Wang Y., Cao Y., Zhang P., Ma A.Y. Effective utilization of waste glass as cementitious powder and construction sand in mortar. Materials. 2020. 13 (3). P. 707. DOI: 10.3390/ma13030707
32. Abalouch I., Sakami S., Elabbassi F.-E., Boukhattem L. Effects of recycled fine glass aggregates on alkali silica reaction and thermo-mechanical behavior of modified concrete. Applied Sciences. 2021. 11 (19). P. 9045. DOI: 10.3390/app11199045
33. Huang D., Sun P., Gao P., Liu G., Wang Y., Chen X. Study on the effect and mechanism of alkali–silica reaction expansion in glass concrete. Sustainability. 2021. 13 (19). P. 10618. DOI: 10.3390/su131910618
34. Kanyakam S., Chindaprasirt P. Utilization of waste glass to enhance physical–mechanical properties of fired clay brick. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2016. 112 (4). P. 3057 – 3062. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.084
35. Xin Y., Kurmus H., Mohajerani A., Dallol Y., Lao Y., Robert D., Pramanik B., Tran P. Recycling crushed waste beer bottle glass in fired clay bricks. Buildings. 2021. 11 (10). P. 483. DOI: 10.3390/buildings11100483
36. Xin Y., Mohajerani A., Kurmus H., Smith J.V. Possible recycling of waste glass in sustainable fired clay bricks: a review. International Journal of GEOMATE. 2021. 20 (78). P. 57 – 64.
37. Kazmi S.M.S., Abbas S., Nehdi M.L., Saleem M.A., Munir M.J. Feasibility of using waste glass sludge in production of ecofriendly clay bricks. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 2017. 29 (8). P. 04017056. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001928
38. Douidi O., Tafraoui A., Serna P., Makani A., Ferrara L. Exploring the feasibility of using recycled fines from diverse sources as partial cement substitutes in high-performance cementitious materials. Results in Engineering. 2026. 29. P. 108506. DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108506
39. Freitas T.O.G., Dias G.S., Borges A.L., Ferreira F.G.S. Evaluation of glass powder in the mitigation of the alkali-silica reaction (ASR). Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais. 2024. 17 (5). P. e-17504. DOI: 10.1590/s1983-41952024000500004
40. Eu H., Kim G., Son M., Sasui S., Lee Y., Choi H., Kang S., Nam J. Alkali-silica reaction and residual mechanical properties of high-strength mortar containing waste glass fine aggregate and supplementary cementitious materials. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials. 2024. 18. P. 69. DOI: 10.1186/s40069-024-00711-x
41. Zhu C, Lou Y, Shen X, Xu H and Yang J. Influence of CaO content on the fly ash–lime system hydrothermal synthesis reaction under autoclave curing. Frontiers in Physics. 2021. 9. P. 782309. DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2021.782309
2. Saygılı A., Baykal G. A new method for improving the thermal insulation properties of fly ash. Energy and Buildings. 2011. 43 (11). P. 3236 – 3242. DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.08.024
3. Jasińska I., Dachowski R., Jaworska-Wędzińska M. Thermal conductivity of sand-lime products modified with foam glass granulate. Materials. 2021. 14 (19). P. 5678. DOI: 10.3390/ma14195678
4. Jasińska I. Effect of foam glass granules fillers modification of lime-sand products on their microstructure. Open Engineering. 2019. 9 (1). P. 299 – 306. DOI: 10.1515/eng-2019-0038
5. Barnes M.W., Scheetz B.E. The chemistry of al-tobermorite and its coexisting phases at 175°C. MRS Online Proceedings Library. 1989. 179. P. 243 – 272. DOI: 10.1557/PROC-179-243
6. Szudek W., Gołek Ł., Malata G., Pytel Z. Influence of waste glass powder Aaddition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of autoclaved building materials. Materials. 2022. 15 (2). P. 434. DOI: 10.3390/ma15020434
7. Malferrari D., Galamini G., Bernini M., Fantini R., Malvolti G., Gualtieri A.F. Kinetic investigation of tobermorite synthesis for the recovery of carcinogenic respirable crystalline silica (RCS). ACS Omega. 2025. 10 (43). P. 51284 – 51296. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.5c06547
8. Smalakys G. Peculiarities of tobermorite and xonotlite synthesis from natural rocks, their properties and application: Doctoral dissertation. Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, 2021.
9. Coleman N.J. 11 Å tobermorite ion exchanger from recycled container glass. International Journal of Environment and Waste Management. 2011. 8 (3-4). P. 366 – 382. DOI: 10.1504/IJEWM.2011.042642
10. Pan X., Guo Y., Zou Z., Wang Z., Yu H. Crystallization mechanism and physical properties of xonotlite intensified by inorganic and organic additives based on direct hydrothermal synthesis. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 2024. 640. P. 123121. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2024.123121
11. Borek K., Czapik, P. Utilization of waste glass in autoclaved silica-lime materials. Materials. 2022. 15 (2). P. 549. DOI: 10.3390/ma15020549
12. Borek K., Czapik P., Dachowski R. Recycled glass as a substitute for quartz sand in silicate products. Materials. 2020. 13 (5). P. 1030. DOI: 10.3390/ma13051030
13. Stępień A., Leśniak M., Sitarz M. A Sustainable autoclaved material made of glass sand. Buildings. 2019. 9 (11). P. 232. DOI: 10.3390/buildings9110232
14. Kwiatkowska M., Stępień A.. Influence of glass components on the properties and structure of sand-lime materials. Construction of Optimized Energy Potential. 2022. 11. P. 129 – 136. DOI: 10.17512/bozpe.2022.11.15
15. Majdinasab A., Yuan Q. Synthesis of Al-substituted 11Å tobermorite using waste glass cullet: a study on the microstructure. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2020. 250. P. 123069. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.123069
16. Walczak P., Małolepszy J., Reben M., Szymański P., Rzepa K. Utilization of waste glass in autoclaved aerated concrete. Procedia Engineering. 2015. 122. P. 302 – 309. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.10.040
17. Yuan B., Brouwers H.J.H., Chen W. Valorization of municipal waste glass powder in autoclaved aerated concrete: Microstructural evolution and performance analysis. Journal of Building Engineering. 2025. 105. P. 112335. DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112335
18. Du X., Xu Z., Li J., Wang L. Effects of lime content on properties of autoclaved aerated concrete made from circulating fluidized bed ash. Developments in the Built Environment. 2024. 18. P. 100406. DOI: 10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100406
19. Kumar S. A perspective study on fly ash–lime–gypsum bricks and hollow blocks for low cost housing development. Construction and Building Materials. 2002. 16 (8). P. 519 – 525. DOI: 10.1016/S0950-0618(02)00034-X
20. Cicek T., Tanriverdi M. Lime based steam autoclaved fly ash bricks. Construction and Building Materials. 2007. 21 (6). P. 1295 – 1300. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.01.005
21. Shi X., Liao Q., Chen K., Wang Y., Liu L., Wang F., Zhu H., Zhang L., Liu C. Foaming process and thermal insulation properties of foamed glass-ceramics prepared by recycling muti-solid wastes. Construction and Building Materials. 2025. 466. P. 140270. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140270
22. Federico L.M., Chidiac S.E. Waste glass as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete – critical review of treatment methods. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2009. 31 (8). P. 606 – 610. DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.02.001
23. Shayan A., Xu A. Performance of glass powder as a pozzolanic material in concrete: a field trial on concrete slabs. Cement and Concrete Research. 2006. 36. P. 457 – 468. DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.12.012
24. Idir R., Cyr M., Tagnit-Hamou A. Use of fine glass as ASR inhibitor in glass aggregate mortars. Construction and Building Materials. 2010. 24 (7). P. 1309 – 1312. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.12.030
25. Rashad A.M. Recycled waste glass as fine aggregate replacement in cementitious materials based on Portland cement. Construction and Building Materials. 2014. 72. P. 340 – 357. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.092
26. Du H., Tan K.H. Effect of particle size on alkali–silica reaction in recycled glass mortars. Construction and Building Materials. 2014. 66. P. 275 – 285. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.092
27. Ke G., Li W., Li R., Li Y., Wang G. Mitigation effect of waste glass powders on alkali–silica reaction (ASR) expansion in cementitious composite. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials. 2018. 12. P. 67. DOI: 10.1186/s40069-018-0299-7
28. Cai Y., Xuan D., Poon C.S. Effects of nano-SiO₂ and glass powder on mitigating alkali-silica reaction of cement glass mortars. Construction and Building Materials. 2019. 201. P. 295 – 302. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.186
29. Omran A., Tagnit-Hamou A. Performance of glass-powder concrete in field applications. Construction and Building Materials. 2016. 109. P. 84 – 95. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.006
30. Paul S.C., Šavija B., Babafemi A.J. A comprehensive review on mechanical and durability properties of cement-based materials containing waste recycled glass Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018. 198. P. 891 – 906. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.095
31. Wang Y., Cao Y., Zhang P., Ma A.Y. Effective utilization of waste glass as cementitious powder and construction sand in mortar. Materials. 2020. 13 (3). P. 707. DOI: 10.3390/ma13030707
32. Abalouch I., Sakami S., Elabbassi F.-E., Boukhattem L. Effects of recycled fine glass aggregates on alkali silica reaction and thermo-mechanical behavior of modified concrete. Applied Sciences. 2021. 11 (19). P. 9045. DOI: 10.3390/app11199045
33. Huang D., Sun P., Gao P., Liu G., Wang Y., Chen X. Study on the effect and mechanism of alkali–silica reaction expansion in glass concrete. Sustainability. 2021. 13 (19). P. 10618. DOI: 10.3390/su131910618
34. Kanyakam S., Chindaprasirt P. Utilization of waste glass to enhance physical–mechanical properties of fired clay brick. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2016. 112 (4). P. 3057 – 3062. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.084
35. Xin Y., Kurmus H., Mohajerani A., Dallol Y., Lao Y., Robert D., Pramanik B., Tran P. Recycling crushed waste beer bottle glass in fired clay bricks. Buildings. 2021. 11 (10). P. 483. DOI: 10.3390/buildings11100483
36. Xin Y., Mohajerani A., Kurmus H., Smith J.V. Possible recycling of waste glass in sustainable fired clay bricks: a review. International Journal of GEOMATE. 2021. 20 (78). P. 57 – 64.
37. Kazmi S.M.S., Abbas S., Nehdi M.L., Saleem M.A., Munir M.J. Feasibility of using waste glass sludge in production of ecofriendly clay bricks. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 2017. 29 (8). P. 04017056. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001928
38. Douidi O., Tafraoui A., Serna P., Makani A., Ferrara L. Exploring the feasibility of using recycled fines from diverse sources as partial cement substitutes in high-performance cementitious materials. Results in Engineering. 2026. 29. P. 108506. DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108506
39. Freitas T.O.G., Dias G.S., Borges A.L., Ferreira F.G.S. Evaluation of glass powder in the mitigation of the alkali-silica reaction (ASR). Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais. 2024. 17 (5). P. e-17504. DOI: 10.1590/s1983-41952024000500004
40. Eu H., Kim G., Son M., Sasui S., Lee Y., Choi H., Kang S., Nam J. Alkali-silica reaction and residual mechanical properties of high-strength mortar containing waste glass fine aggregate and supplementary cementitious materials. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials. 2024. 18. P. 69. DOI: 10.1186/s40069-024-00711-x
41. Zhu C, Lou Y, Shen X, Xu H and Yang J. Influence of CaO content on the fly ash–lime system hydrothermal synthesis reaction under autoclave curing. Frontiers in Physics. 2021. 9. P. 782309. DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2021.782309
Montayev S.A., Sakhiyev B.Zh., Ryskaliev M.Zh., Zharylgapov S.M., Montayeva A.S. Rational technology for the use of glass cullet and fly ash in silicate bricks to improve the thermal insulation properties of enclosing structures. Construction Materials and Products. 2026. 9 (3). 1. https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2026-9-3-1