Features of the pyrolysis process of waste batteries using carbon black as an additive in the construction industry

https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2023-6-6-4
The paper discusses the technology for recycling used lithium-ion batteries. At the same time, one of the important components in the technology for processing such waste is the recycling of anode material with the extraction of graphite or carbon black, which can be used in the production of fire bricks. It has been shown that materials and compounds contained in lithium-ion batteries are sources of hazardous waste of the second hazard class. At the same time spent accumulators are a source of valuable secondary material resources and contain in their composition up to 16 % wt. % of graphite.The paper proposes to consider the process of processing anode materials of lithium-ion bat-teries in order to obtain graphite and carbon black from them by pyrolysis. Experimental studies were carried out on the process of decomposition of cathode and anode materials of lithium-ion batteries separately, as well as their mixture by pyrolysis. When studying the kinetics and mechanism of pyrol-ysis of carbon-containing materials, thermogravimetric analysis of the following materials was carried out: 1) powdered graphite grade GAK-2 (GOST 10273-79); 2) graphite released from the anode dur-ing manual disassembly of the LKIT; 3) mechanically activated powders containing cathode material LiNiMnCoO2. The characteristics of the pyrolysis process were assessed using thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric analyses. Pyrolysis characteristics demonstrate that organic substances contained in batteries can decompose at a pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C for cathode materials and 450 °C for anode materials. This subsequently leads to higher efficiency in the extraction of valuable components with shorter grinding times. It has been shown that the decomposition of a mixture of lith-ium-ion battery materials removes a larger amount of organic components than the pyrolysis of anode and cathode materials separately. In this case, the rate of decomposition of the mixture of materials occurs more slowly. The activation energy values for lithium-ion battery materials after the pyrolysis stage were determined. The content of components in powder obtained after the pyrolysis stage was determined using the method of atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma.
[1] Edge J.S., O’Kane S., Prosser R., Kirkaldy N.D., Patel A.N., Hales A., … Offer G.J.. Lithium ion battery degradation: what you need to know. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2021. 23 (14). P. 8200 – 8221. doi:10.1039/d1cp00359c
[2] Huang B., Pan Z., Su X., An L. Recycling of lithium-ion batteries: Recent advances and perspectives. J. Power Sources. 2018. 399. P. 274 – 286. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.07.11
[3] Or T., Gourley S.W., Kaliyappan K., Yu A., Chen Z. Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook. Carbon Energy. 2020. 2. P. 6 – 43. doi:10.1002/cey2.29
[4] Li L., Bian Y., Zhang X., Guan Y., Fan E., Wu F., Chen R. Process for recycling mixed-cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries and kinetics of leaching. Waste Manag. 2018. 71. P. 362 – 371. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.10.028
[5] Graphite brick [Electronic resource]: URL: https://www.rsogneupory.ru/formovannyye-ogneupory/grafitovyy-kirpich/ (access date: 10/09/2023)
[6] Zhuravsky G.I. Carbon black from worn tires: technology and equipment. Mechanical engineer. 2016. 4. P. 9 – 29.
[7] Yu J., He Y., Ge Z., Li H., Xie W., Wang S. A promising physicalmethod for recovery of LiCoO2 and graphite from spentlithium-ion batteries: grinding flotation. Sep Purif Technol2018;190:45e52. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.08.049.
[8] Chen X., Kang D., Cao L., Li J., Zhou T., Ma H. Separation and recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium ion batteries: Simultaneous recovery of Li and Co in a single step. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2019. P. 210. 690 − 697. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.08.072
[9] Xiao J., Li J., Xu Z. Recycling metals from lithium ion battery by mechanical separation and vacuum metallurgy. J. Hazard. Mater. 2017. № 338. P. 124 − 131. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.05.024
[10] Zhang G., He Y., Wang H., Feng Y., Xie W., Zhu X. Application of mechanical crushing combined with pyrolysis-enhanced flotation technology to recover graphite and LiCoO2 from spent lithium-ion batteries. J. Cleaner Prod. 2019. 231. P. 1418 – 1427. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.279
[11] Li J., Wang G.. Xu Z. Environmentally-friendly oxygen-free roasting/wet magnetic separa-tion technology for in situ recycling cobalt, lithium carbonate and graphite from spent LiCoO2 /graphite lithium batteries. J. Hazard. Mater. 2016. 302. P. 97 − 104. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.050
[12] Zhang G., Yuan X., He Y., Wang H., Xie W., Zhang T. Organics removal combined with in situ thermal-reduction for enhancing the liberation and metallurgy efficiency of LiCoO2 derived from spent lithium-ion batteries. Waste Management. 2020. 115. P. 113 – 120. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.030.
[13] Bolgova D., Larionov K., Zenkov A., Yankovsky S. Influence of Cu(СH3COO)2 promoting additive on bituminous coal oxidation process. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2018. 194. P. 01034. doi: 10.1051/matecconf/201819401034
[14] Larionov K.B., Gromov A.A. Non-isothermal oxidation of coal with Ce(NO3)3 and Cu(NO3)2 additives. International Journal of Coal Science & Technology. 2019. doi: 10.1007/s40789-018-0229-y
[15] Senneca O., Scala F., Chirone R., Salatino P. Relevance of structure, fragmentation and reac-tivity of coal to combustion and oxy-combustion. Fuel. 2017. 201. P. 65 – 80. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.034
Nazarov V.I., Makarenkov D.A., Retivov V.M., Popov A.P., Aflyatunova G.R., Sivachenko L.A., Sotnik L.L. Features of the pyrolysis process of waste batteries using carbon black as an additive in the construction industry. Construction Materials and Products. 2023. 6 (6). 4. https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2023-6-6-4