Keywords: architectural design

Features of using national symbols, geometric forms, decorative elements, and color schemes to reflect state identity in the architectural composition of diplomatic missions

https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2026-9-1-6
Abstract
The visual identification of diplomatic missions has gained particular importance in the context of globalization and intercultural interaction. Embassy architecture represents functional structures and a powerful means of expressing national identity. However, professional practice still lacks a consistent system of criteria for selecting architectural and symbolic elements that reflect the unique characteristics of the sending state. The focus of this study is on identifying architectural approaches to integrating national symbolism into the design of modern embassies.
The methodological foundation of this study is a qualitative and quantitative approach that includes the selection of case studies, comparative architectural analysis, and expert surveys. The research identifies stable categories of symbolism: official (flag, coat of arms) and secondary (historical style, color schemes, geography). An analysis of diplomatic missions in various countries has revealed that architects typically employ three main strategies: the use of dominant structural forms, the incorporation of traditional decorative elements, and the symbolic integration into the local context.
The results confirm the importance of national color schemes and geographical metaphors in creating a recognizable image. The conclusions emphasize the need to find a balance between national identity and contextual appropriateness, as well as respect for the architectural traditions of the host country. The study highlights the architectural tools of soft power and proposes a systematic approach to designing diplomatic missions as spaces for representing statehood.
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Application of multi-criteria evaluation methods to create urban development opportunities within the concept of sustainable architecture of buildings and urban areas

https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2025-8-5-10
Abstract
The advancement of urban development has made it possible to improve the quality of infrastructure and the organization of urban territories, affecting cities’ competitiveness and investment attractiveness. The study aims to apply multi-criteria evaluation methods to create urban development opportunities in the sustainable architecture of buildings and urban areas. The primary data collection methods include document analysis and an expert survey. Through document analysis, the authors identify the basic methods of evaluating buildings and architectural objects to establish compliance with the requirements of sustainable architecture. The expert survey results highlight the most dynamically developing and globally recognized methods: LEED and BREEAM. Further analysis sheds light on the specific features of criteria-based evaluation of buildings under LEED and BREEAM certification, compares the lists of building evaluation criteria in BREEAM and LEED, and considers the practical implementation of LEED and BREEAM building certification while highlighting and describing architectural objects. The authors conclude that the standards defined in the BREEAM and LEED multi-criteria methods exhaustively conform to the principles of sustainable architecture, encompassing environmental, economic, and social conditions. BREEAM and LEED can be applied to new and modernized residential and public buildings.
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Technical Feasibility Factors Affecting Urban Environmental Sustainability In Decision-Making: Erbil-Iraq

https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2024-7-5-8
Abstract
This paper introduce decision-making model of sustainable urban development in Erbil city in Iraq. The decision-making model will includes higher-level policy orientation, grass-roots environmental protection, economic feasibility, and environmental pressure. The quantitative analyze of urban environmental sustainable development decision-making in prefecture-level. The data analysis collected from the annual government work report using seven specific factor, which set up according to the theoretical model framework. The results show that the driving force of sustainable development is mainly from top to bottom, the macro strategy of the central government and other upper-level governments is the core factor of sustainable transformation, and the demand for sustainable development of the grassroots people needs to continue to increase. In addition, prominent environmental issues have attracted the attention and actions of local governments, but urban governments still regard sustainable development as a distributive policy to a large extent, and the awareness or conditions for seeking economic welfare through environmental governance have not yet achieved.
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