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The depletion of natural sand reserves and the accumulation of plastic and glass waste necessitate sustainable alternatives for concrete production, particularly for infrastructure in aggressive environments such as the Dead Sea region. This study evaluates the mechanical and durability performance of concrete incorporating waste glass powder and Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) granules as partial replacements for fine and Coarse aggregates. Experimental mixes included a control sample and variations with 10% glass powder combined with 5%, 10%, and 15% LDPE, subjected to standard curing and 3-month immersion in a 5% NaCl + 5% Na₂SO₄ saline solution. Mechanical properties were assessed through compressive and tensile strength tests, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and strain gauge measurements, complemented by microstructural analysis using SEM and XRF, and numerical validation via ABAQUS Concrete Damage Plasticity (CDP) simulations. Results indicated that the mix containing 10% GP and 5% LDPE showed optimal performance, reached a compressive strength of 46.63 MPa , compared to 42.47 MPa for the control. Notably, after saline exposure, this optimal mix showed a 47.49% strength increase, whereas the control suffered a 13.72% reduction, attributed to the pozzolanic reaction of GP and the hydrophobic barrier effect of LDPE. Microstructural analysis confirmed reduced efflorescence (salt crystallization) and ettringite formation in modified samples, while simulations (Abaqus) validated superior stress redistribution capabilities. These findings demonstrate that combining waste glass and LDPE enhances concrete ductility and resistance to chloride and sulfate attack, offering a viable sustainable solution for infrastructure in corrosive marine environments.
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2. Obeid M.A.A., Abu-Mahadi M.I., Nasrat N.A.G. Effect of different materials and additives on concrete durability. Construction of Unique Buildings and Structures. 2025, Aug 22. 117 (3). P. 1 – 22. doi:10.4123/CUBS.117.6
3. Nasrat N.A.G., Abu-Mahadi M.I., Hashemi M.N., Obeid M.A.A. Thermal performance and water erosion resistance of sheep woolreinforced compressed stabilized earth bricks. Construction of Unique Buildings and Structures. 2025, Oct 3. 118 (4). P. 1 – 14. doi:10.4123/CUBS.118.2
4. Obeid M.A.A, Abu-Mahadi M.I, Omed M.P, Rashad M.H, Aurangzaib A.S.S.K. Strength and Durability of Concrete with Quarry Dust as a Sand Substitute. Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. 2025, Mar 17. P. 1 – 11. doi:10.47260/jesge/1531
5. Obeid M.A.A., Abu-Mahadi M.I., Chakraborty A., Omed M.P. Evaluating Quarry Dust as a Sustainable Alternative to Natural Sand in Concrete Mix Design. Novel Infrastructure Techniques NITCon 2025. 2026. P. 203 – 210. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-9120-3_16
6. Ceballos-S.S., de S.D.B, García P.G, Laso J., Margallo M., Aldaco R. Exploring the environmental impacts of plastic packaging: A comprehensive life cycle analysis for seafood distribution crates. Science of the Total Environment. 2024, Nov 15. 951. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175452 PubMed PMID: 39134264
7. Evode N., Qamar S.A., Bilal M., Barceló D., Iqbal H.M.N. Plastic waste and its management strategies for environmental sustainability. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering. 2021, Dec 1. 4. doi:10.1016/j.cscee.2021.100142
8. Diggle A., Walker T.R. Environmental and Economic Impacts of Mismanaged Plastics and Measures for Mitigation. Environments – MDPI. 2022, Feb 1. 9 (2). doi:10.3390/environments9020015
9. Tudu C., Mohanty M., Mohapatra S.S., Nayak S. A systematic review exploring the feasibility of waste plastic as different constituents towards sustainable concrete. Constr Build Mater. 2024, May 17. 428. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136210
10. Obeid M.A.A., Abu-Mahadi M.I., Nasrat N.A.G. Mechanical behavior of concrete with waste plastic as partial aggregate replacement. News of higher educational institutions Construction. 2026, Feb 9. (1 (805)). P. 45 – 56. doi:10.32683/0536-1052-2026-805-1-45-56
11. Khatab H.R., Mohammed S.J., Hameed L.A. Mechanical Properties of Concrete Contain Waste Fibers of Plastic Straps. In: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Institute of Physics Publishing. 2019. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/557/1/012059
12. Vivek S., Hari K.P., Gunneswara R.T.D. A study on the mechanical behavior of concrete made with partial replacement of fine aggregate with waste plastic (LDPE). Mater Today Proc. 2023. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2023.04.059
13. Delbari S.A., Hof L.A. Glass waste circular economy – Advancing to high-value glass sheets recovery using industry 4.0 and 5.0 technologies. Journal of Cleaner Production. Elsevier Ltd. 2024. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142629
14. Qin B., Yao Z., Deng K., Ruan J., Xu Z. Analysis of contaminants and their formation mechanism in the desiccation-dissociation process of organic impurity of waste glass. J Hazard Mater. 2021 Aug 15. P. 416. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125881 PubMed PMID: 34492821.
15. Pongoh I.M., Masjud Y.I. The effect of glass waste on climate change. Environment Conflict. 2024 Feb 29;1(1). doi:10.61511/environc.v1i1.2024.586
16. Ling T.C., Poon C.S., Kou S.C. Feasibility of using recycled glass in architectural cement mortars. Cem Concr Compos. 2011, Sep. 33 (8). P. 848 – 854. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.05.006
17. Du H., Tan K.H. Waste glass powder as cement replacement in concrete. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology. 2014. 12 (11). P. 468 – 477. doi:10.3151/jact.12.468
18. Karalar M., Başaran B., Aksoylu C., Zeybek Ö., Althaqafi E., Beskopylny A.N. Utilizing recycled glass powder in reinforced concrete beams: comparison of shear performance. Sci Rep. 2025, Dec 1. 15 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-025-91493-z PubMed PMID: 40011742
19. Chen L., Yang M., Chen Z., Xie Z., Huang L., Osman A.I. Conversion of waste into sustainable construction materials: A review of recent developments and prospects. Materials Today Sustainability. Elsevier Ltd; 2024. doi:10.1016/j.mtsust.2024.100930
20. Naran J.M., Gonzalez R.E.G., del Rey C.E., Toma C.L., Almesfer N., Vreden P. Incorporating waste to develop environmentally-friendly concrete mixes. Constr Build Mater. 2022, Jan 3. P. 314. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125599
21. Ministry of energy and Mineral Resources. Mineral Resources in Jordan. 2025. Report. https://memr.gov.jo/EBV4.0/Root_Storage/EN/Project/Mineral_Resources_in_Jordan.pdf
22. Batholith. Fractionated quartz sand. Chemical composition. [Internet]. [cited 2025 Dec 26]. Report. Available from: http://www.batolit.ru/93_p.shtml
23. Lizon B., Wu J. A Basic Guide to Bridge Measurements [Internet]. 2024. Report. Available from: www.ti.com
24. Hafezolghorani M., Hejazi F., Vaghei R., Jaafar M.S.B., Karimzade K. Simplified damage plasticity model for concrete. In: Structural Engineering International. Int. Assoc. for Bridge and Structural Eng. Eth-Honggerberg. 2017. P. 68 – 78. doi:10.2749/101686616X1081
25. Le M.H., Khatir S., Abdel W.M., Cuong-Le T. A concrete damage plasticity model for predicting the effects of compressive high-strength concrete under static and dynamic loads. Journal of Building Engineering. 2021, Dec 1. 44. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103239
26. Abdolpour H., Sawicki B. Analyzing fracture mechanism of high performance concrete using concrete damage plasticity model. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering . 2025, Oct 1. 25 (5-6). doi:10.1007/s43452-025-01287-3
27. Stauffer J., Woodward C., White K. Nonlinear Ultrasonic Testing with Resonant and Pulse Velocity Parameters for Early Damage in Concrete. ACI Mater J. 2005. 102. P. 118 – 121.
28. Xiao Y., Chen Z., Zhou J., Leng Y., Xia R. Concrete plastic-damage factor for finite element analysis: Concept, simulation, and experiment. Advances in Mechanical Engineering. 2017 Sep 1. 9 (9). P. 1 – 10. doi:10.1177/1687814017719642
29. Altaee M., Kadhim M., Altayee S., Adheem A. Employment of damage plasticity constitutive model for concrete members subjected to high strain-rate. In. European Alliance for Innovation n.o.; 2020. doi:10.4108/eai.28-6-2020.2298164
30. Barbero E.J. Finite element analysis of composite materials using Abaqus. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group; 2013. 413 p.
31. Buchen S. Cauchy’s stress theorem and its influence on the first elasticity tensor. Examples and Counterexamples. 2025, Dec 1. 8. doi:10.1016/j.exco.2025.100190.
Obeid Mahmoud Abdelsalam Aref, Abu-Mahadi Mohammed Ibrahim, Markovich Alexey Semenovich, Qais Qais Abdulrahman Ali, Jazzan Muhannad, Algasham Thaar Saud Salman Mechanical and durability performance of concrete incorporating waste glass powder and ldpe in saline environments. Construction Materials and Products. 2026. 9 (3). 8. https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2026-9-3-8