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The effect of temperature difference on bending of external panel walls

https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2024-7-3-6
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Аннотация
One of the most common structural systems of buildings intended for various purposes is a prefabricated panel system of factory-made elements assembled on-site. Single-layer structures made of lightweight concrete are widely used as envelopes of these buildings. In buildings operated under various climatic conditions, exterior wall panels, as well as other envelopes, are exposed to thermal deformations and, accordingly, changes in the stress-strain state. As the temperature changes, corresponding stresses and deformations occur across the thickness of the exterior panels. To analyze their values, the bending moments and support reactions of single-layer lightweight concrete panels of different length and thickness in the range of temperature differences from 0 °С to 65 °С have been calculated. It was found that the bending moments and support reactions of 1,500 mm long panels decrease as the thickness of the panels increases over the entire temperature gradient. The values of bending moments and support reactions of panels with length of 3,000, 4,500 and 6,000 mm decrease only when the temperature rises from 0 to 10 °С, in the rest of the range 15–65 °С – increase as the thickness of the panel increases due to the bending stiffness.
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Properties of Verkhnealkunsky deposit mudstones used as raw materials to manufacture clinker tiles

https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2024-7-3-7
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Аннотация
The article writes about the development of mudstone-based raw material compositions used to manufacture clinker tiles with improved physical and technical properties. Clinker tiles are one of the popular roofing materials. Compared to other roofing covering options, clinker tiles have higher strength, more resistance to aggressive environments, and better aesthetic characteristics. Clinker tile production is relevant due to the fact that currently architects and building constructors are showing great interest in such an elite roofing material, but due to the economic situation, this roofing material is no longer imported to Russia, with an empty market niche having been formed. Many Russian brick factories are planning to install additional technological lines to manufacture ceramic tiles, but the current demand is to produce clinker tiles. The main unresolved issue concerns raw materials since traditional raw materials – loams and clays – are very rarely suitable for the production of low-temperature sintering clinker tiles. Having studied a large amount of academic literature and carried out the necessary laboratory studies, the authors of this article, under the guidance of the Chair of the Construction Materials Department, Prof. V.D. Kotlyar, pay serious attention to such raw materials as mudstones from the Verkhnealkunsky deposit of the Russian Republic of Ingushetia. The article provides a general description of mudstones, including their chemical and mineral composition as well as their structural features for the production of clinker tiles. It has been experimentally established that the degree of their grinding has a significant influence on technological properties of both mudstones and the end products. Based on raw material mixtures with a grain composition of 0-0.16 and 0-0.08 mm, it is possible to manufacture clinker tiles using the extrusion molding method without introducing corrective additives. The data obtained will make it possible to develop technological regulations to manufacture clinker tiles based on Verkhnealkunsky deposit mudstones.
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Traditional archetypes of institutions for the socialization of orphans in the Arab world

https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2024-7-3-8
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Аннотация
The article identifies the traditional archetypes of social care institutions for orphans. Modern architectural solutions do not take into account the centuries-old traditions that have developed in Arabic architecture. Based on the method of historical and genetic analysis of objects of traditional architecture of children's educational institutions in the Islamic world, the article identifies stable elements of the system that allow maintaining the stability of development and determining genetically important features of architectural and planning solutions.
For the formation of steadily developing architectural and planning solutions, the interrelations of the functional zones of educational complexes that do not contradict the traditions of Islam are determined. Rethinking these traditions in the light of new construction technologies will create an innovative product that can develop sustainably in today's dynamic world. In the context of the crisis of the 21st century, which is taking place in Syria and the Middle East today, a new interpretation of identity and cultural continuity will solve the problem of the demand for children's educational institutions for orphans in Syria during the period of reconstruction of the country. In the modern world, social protection of children is one of the priority areas for the development of a civilized society and state. The conditions in which a child's personality is formed have a great impact on the socialization and future of a citizen of the country.
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Green building in the ESG agenda for sustainable development of Russia: conditions and trends

https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2024-7-3-9
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Аннотация
To achieve the sustainable development goals proclaimed by the UN, we need to use more green building technologies that meet the principles of sustainable development, increase energy efficiency and achieve the environmental direction of the country’s ESG transformation. The authors consider the main problems and directions of green building in the Russian Federation. The study highlights the main limiting factors to develop green building in the domestic building industry. It was revealed that the main ones are related to the inconsistency of legal regulation, lack of demand from consumers, lack of specialists in the field of green building, assessment and certification of green objects. The study found that no more than a third of the country’s population knows about green building, only 20% are aware of the need for environmental certification of buildings, and only 6% of the population require this certification when purchasing housing. At the same time, the development of green building is hampered by difficulties with import substitution of green technologies and green building materials. The purpose of the study is to analyze the conditions and trends for green building development in the Russian Federation. The scientific research hypothesis is to introduce the ESG principles into building as an effective approach for sustainable development in Russia. The main conclusion of the study is to develop incentive tools for transition to green building technologies and green certification of building projects. The results of the study will contribute to the expansion of green building projects in the domestic building industry.
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Thermovision study of a residential building under climatic conditions of South Kazakhstan in a cold period

https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2024-7-2-1
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Аннотация
In this study, a nine-storey residential building was examined for thermal protection, located in Shymkent, Republic of Kazakhstan. Two two-room flats were considered with the possibility to inspect the exterior envelopes in four orientations. The examination was carried out at different times of the day according to three criteria: exterior envelope in the form of corner joints, translucent enve-lope in the form of window openings and the exterior façade of the building. The study found that the temperature at the surface of the room joints at lunchtime increased from 0.8% to 12% depending on the orientation of the exterior envelope. At the same time, it was found that in the morning and evening hours the temperature inside the living rooms is maintained at 25.8 - 26.5ºC due to excessive con-sumption of heat energy by increasing the heating power up to 15.6% relative to lunchtime, which leads to an excessive increase in air temperature by 7 - 18%. The value of humidity of living rooms also showed non-compliance with the optimal value by 3 - 15% relative to the current norms. As a result of the analysis of thermograms of translucent openings it was found that the surface temperature of the envelope at lunchtime increased by 9.9 - 23.2% in all cases of orientations, and the surface tem-perature of translucent openings of southern orientation is on average 18.2% higher relative to other orientations, which also indicates the influence of solar radiation on the thermal values of translucent openings. The analysis of thermograms and temperature of characteristic points of the external façade with regard to orientations showed a temperature difference from 7.5ºC to 21ºC depending on the ori-entation of the building, where the most exposed to solar radiation façade of southern orientation, which showed an increase in surface temperature by 3 times. Thus, the obtained results of the study will further contribute to the development of energy-efficient designs of external enclosures, consider-ing the influence of all factors on the process of heat exchange, which is the main objective of the au-thors’ comprehensive study.
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Artificial intelligence model for predicting the load-bearing capacity of eccentrically compressed short concrete filled steel tubular columns

https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2024-7-2-2
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Аннотация
The purpose of this work is to develop the artificial neural network (ANN) model to determine the load-bearing capacity of concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) columns of circular cross-section in a wide range of input parameters. Short columns are considered for which deflections do not lead to a significant increase in the eccentricity of the axial force. The input parameters of the artificial neural network are the outer diameter of the pipe, the wall thickness, the yield strength of steel, the compressive strength of concrete, and the relative eccentricity of the axial force. The artificial neural network is trained on the synthetic data. For training, the dataset of 179,025 numerical experiments with different values of input parameters was generated. Numerical experiments were carried out using the finite element method in a simplified formulation, which makes it possible to reduce the three-dimensional problem of determining the stress-strain state of a CFST column to a two-dimensional problem. The results of testing the developed model on the data from full-scale experiments are pre-sented.
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Structure and Properties of Variatropic Concrete Combined Modified with Nano- and Micro-silica

https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2024-7-2-3
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Аннотация
The lack of systematic information on the influence of the combined modification of variatropic concrete on their characteristics was revealed. The purpose of this work was to study the influence of the type of modifying additive, namely micro-silica, nano silica and their combination on the properties of concrete made using three different technologies - vibration (VC), centrifugation (CC) and vibration centrifugation (VCC). Concrete elements made using centrifugal compaction technology were subjected to additional sawing. Three types of modifiers were studied: micro-silica (MS), nano silica (NS) and their combinations. To determine the degree of effectiveness of each recipe solution, the following main characteristics were monitored: workability of concrete mixtures; density of hardened composites; compressive strength (CS) and water absorption (WA). When modifying MS, the greatest effect for VC, CC and VCC was observed with its amount of 8% instead of part of the cement. CS gains were up to 17% for VCC, and WA decreased to 25% for VCC. The NS modification showed the greatest effectiveness at a dosage of 4%. CS gains were up to 19% and WA decreased to 28% for VCC. A combined modifier of 75% MS and 25% NS showed the greatest effectiveness. CS increased up to 17% compared to effective dosages of single-component modifiers. The effectiveness of VCC, characterized by the percentage increase in CS, was up to 55% higher in comparison with VC and up to 25% higher in comparison with CC. WA of concrete decreased to 14% in comparison with effective dosages of one-component modifiers. The effectiveness of VCC, characterized by the percentage reduction in WA, was up to 30% higher compared to VC and up to 12% higher compared to CC. The greatest efficiency of all types of modifiers was observed in combination with the synthesized vibration centrifugation technology.
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Evaluation of the influence of an aggressive environment on the durability of the cement stone

https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2024-7-2-4
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Аннотация
The paper proposes methods for assessing the durability of building materials and structures based on Portland cement when exposed to aggressive environments that mimic the products of the vital activity of bacteria on building materials.
To determine the main parameters of the model of degradation of building materials under the action of aggressive environments, a mathematical model has been developed in the form of integral and differential relations connecting these parameters. A technique for identifying the mechanical characteristics included in these models based on the solution of inverse biodegradation problems has been developed. The analysis of changes in the structure of the cement stone was carried out using the results of computed tomography, and the regularities of the distribution of pores in the cement stone from the time of exposure were obtained.
Based on experimental and numerical studies, it has been established that the mechanism of destruction of cement stone obtained by the traditional method and activation in the vortex layer apparatus is different. The difference lies in the greater accumulation of cement stone interaction products in the activated sample, which is confirmed by a shift in porosity to less than 0.5 mm and a lower solubility value compared to the control composition. The compressive strength of the samples as a result of exposure for 28 days decreased by 37% and 20% for the control and activated compositions. The mass of the studied samples as a result of exposure decreased by 49% and 21%, respectively.
On the basis of this mechanism, a mathematical model of the process of material degradation in an aggressive one is developed, taking into account changes in porosity and acidity concentration, and dependence of material strength reduction are obtained.
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Dry masonry mixtures based on siliceous opal-cristobalite rocks for clinker bricks

https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2024-7-2-5
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Аннотация
Clinker bricks have always attracted consumers with their high physical and mechanical characteristics: strength, dense structure, frost resistance, low water absorption values. In recent years, enterprises producing ceramic materials have begun to look for the opportunity to produce these products in Russia. With increased demand for clinker bricks, a technology has emerged for creating large-sized clinker stones which feature increased voids – 60-80%, an average density of 450-700 kg/m3 and thermal conductivity of 0.8-0.11 W/(m•°C), and a compressive strength of 10-30 MPa. The use of such wall products in construction projects predetermines specific building mixtures for masonry work that would meet the required values for strength, water absorption, vapor permeability and, at the same time, would have reduced thermal conductivity characteristics. To develop such masonry mortars, it is necessary to select the grain composition of quartz sand for building mixtures to ensure structural strength indicators. Thus, the research aims at finding lightweight aggregate and increasing porosity in order to improve the heat-shielding properties of clinker brick masonry and clinker high-hollow large-sized blocks.
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Classification and architectural planning components of riverine areas in the city structure

https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2024-7-2-6
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Аннотация
The study is devoted to the interaction of riverine areas with the urban structure. The purpose of the study is to provide substantiation for the classification of riverine territories in the city structure and to establish the architectural and planning components of riverine areas.
The authors analyze global experience in the organization of riverine territories as part of urban development in the context of modern sustainable development programs. The results suggest that amid the increasing density of cities, changes in production interests, and climate change, there are trends in the regeneration of riverine areas. The study highlights the following trends in urban development: the creation of a system of recreational zones along the banks; creation of a network of city parks with different themes; incorporation of a spatial carcass into the structure; creation of public recreation centers, leisure complexes, and parking ensembles at the intersection of the urban and natural frames; rehabilitation and improvement of industrial areas; relocation of industrial plants situated among residential buildings to industrial areas; optimization of traffic and rational positioning of storage and maintenance facilities; development and organization of water protection zones and coastal protection strips. The conducted analysis of world experience confirms the need to find techniques to rehabilitate territories that are no longer effective while prioritizing the formation of a comfortable urban environment as a factor in raising their environmental and social efficiency.
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