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Keywords: design

Сompositional analysis: the project of the III Communist International Monument (Tatlin Tower)

https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2023-6-1-74-83
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 74-83 p.
Abstract
The authors of the article broadcast information about the study of the compositional activity of architects of Soviet Russia in the 20s of the XX century. in line with the trend of "constructivism". The study of three-dimensional architectural composition is considered by the authors as the separation of the "indivisible whole" (integrity – the law of composition) and "unchangeable for further im-provement" (it is impossible to make changes without deterioration of the already created, completed composition) artificially created object – organism of universal laws and means. The authors believe that the study of high–class Heritage samples is based on the separation of formal (composite) ele-ments (contrast, plastic, texture, plane – volume, rhythm, modular divisions, construction, engineering materials, walls, floors, ceilings, fasteners, etc.) from an artificially created composite organism. The analysis allows you to develop compositional thinking, taste and teaches you to understand the course and origins of the Master's compositional thought. The study of the formal (compositional) sphere of the Heritage of the classics of modernity and past eras allows you to build the path of the author's work on the project, avoiding mistakes and disappointments.
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Universal Laws of Composition (Artificial and Natural Form) on the Example of the V.G. Shukhov Tower

https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2022-5-5-29-41
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 29-41 p.
Abstract
The authors of the article broadcast information about the study of the compositional activity of engineers in Soviet Russia in the 20s of the XX century. in line with the architectural trend "con-structivism". The study, analysis and fixation in graphic images of masterpieces of volume-spatial composition in the history of engineering, scientific thought is considered by the authors as an isola-tion from an artificially created object – an organism of universal laws and means. The authors believe that the study, analysis and fixation in a schematic graphic material of high-class samples of science, technology, engineering allows you to develop compositional thinking, taste and teaches you to under-stand the course and origins of compositional thought in design. The study of the formal (composi-tional) sphere of the Legacy of the classics of modern and past eras allows you to build the path of the author's work on the project, avoiding mistakes and disappointments.
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ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT OF THE ANGLE OF DEFLECTION FROM VERTICALITY OF THE FRAME IN DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

https://doi.org/10.58224/2618-7183-2022-5-2-13-21
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 13-21 p.
Abstract
The design of high-rise complexes includes the solution of a multifactorial problem, consisting of: survey work (geodesic development; tracing work; marking and survey work; engineering-geological, hydrogeo-logical, hydrological), functional operational, as well as the reliability of the structure, the prospects for its further reconstruction, economic feasibility of construction, selection of structural components of the object, etc. The purpose of this work is theoretical and experimental research in the design and construction of facilities, including alternative methods for measuring the angle of deviation from the vertical frame of a structure (during the frame erection of structures).
To determine the deviation of columns from verticality, an alternative method is proposed for "indirect measurements of the angle" of the deviation of the column, as well as the distance from the theodolite (total station) to the plane of the standard. Geometric schemes for determining the linear angle of deviation of a column from verticality and the installation of a theodolite (tacheometer) for recording deviations of columns perpendicular to the sides of the structure are presented.
The technique of carrying out experimental researches is described and the received graphic dependences are resulted. The performed surveys and calculations make it possible to determine the deviations of the columns from the vertical by means of angular measurements from the ground.
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THE USE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR THE DESIGN OF BUILDING STRUCTURES

https://doi.org/10.34031/2618-7183-2021-4-6-26-47
 26-47 p.
Abstract
Russia has a developed industry of building materials, which today implements an energy- and resource-saving model of its development. The implementation of the state policy of resource conservation is carried out in two main directions: the first direction is to save resources in the production of materials, the second is to increase the production of energy–efficient materials that allow saving energy carriers during their operation. Modern construction in Russia is guided by European construction standards, which, in turn, provides for the construction of energy-saving buildings with minimal energy consumption from external sources. This is ensured by the use of structural and thermal insulation materials in the construction of external walls. In modern structural and thermal insulation materials for energy-saving construction, high requirements are imposed on their thermal properties, mechanical strength and comfort level. From the point of view of simultaneous satisfaction of these requirements, ceramic materials have obvious advantages over other materials, in particular cellular concretes, which, with almost the same level of thermal conductivity, are characterized by the least hygroscopicity and significantly greater strength. An objective prospect for the development of structural and thermal insulation ceramics is the production of hollow ceramic stones with increased thermal efficiency for their use in economical single-layer external wall structures without additional insulation. The products of individual Ukrainian manufacturers and even imported analogues of the most famous European manufacturer (Wiernerberger Company, Austria), when used in single-layer walls, do not provide regulatory requirements for the heat transfer resistance of masonry for the first temperature zone of Russia, which occupies the majority of the territory (60%). This requires the improvement of domestic products in the direction of improving their thermal characteristics (reducing thermal conductivity and increasing thermal resistance).
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ARCHITECTURE PLANNING AND DESIGN CONCEPTS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE INSTITUTIONS IN YEMEN

https://doi.org/10.34031/2618-7183-2019-2-6-50-57
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 50-57 p.
Abstract
This article discusses the main aspects of the location of primary health care facilities in Yemen. We studied the requirements directly for the site of such medical care institutions. It is also revealed how to determine the correct orientation of the building center. In addition, the functional components and construction sites of primary care facilities are described. The components of a medical center include: the first floor – a medical center, the second floor - a doctor's apartment, a security room, an electric generator, an incinerator for medical waste, and a fence for a medical center. The article defines the architectural principles and elements of the project of medical centers. These elements of the project of primary health care institutions include: the main entrance, administrative department, medical services section, examination rooms, rest rooms, radiology room, surgical ward, pharmacy, mechanics section. The general design assumptions for the building of primary health care are discussed. Design standards for these institutions are identified.
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MODERN TENDENCIES AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SPATIAL AND FUNCTIONAL DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPICAL BUILDINGS IN RUSSIA AND ABROAD

https://doi.org/10.34031/2618-7183-2019-2-3-96-102
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 96-102 p.
Abstract
The article presents modern foreign and domestic trends in architectural-spatial and functional-planning solutions for economy-class apartments and the prospects for the development of typical design in Russia. It is becoming increasingly clear that mass construction in Russia does not require significant development since Soviet times, when construction should be carried out for the sole purpose of providing citizens with affordable housing with minimally acceptable parameters in shortened terms. The most significant differences of modern Russian housing from foreign is the reduced range of functional premises and smaller areas. The modern consumer has other ideas about comfortable living. In addition, modern domestic and foreign experts in the field of architecture and construction confirm the need for an innovative approach to the design of urban buildings. It is assumed, that the use of existing trends in the housing project will significantly increase the level of comfort of apartments without a significant increase in the cost per square meter. Comparison of domestic and foreign experience in the construction of residential buildings brought a number of common features and significant differences, which are analyzed in the article. They include: the tendency to individual design, the tendency to a change in living space, the tendency of vertical functional zoning, the tendency of zoning, the trend of expanding the functional-planning composition of the standard layout of ancillary rooms, sanitary and household zones.
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ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF LIFE CYCLE OF THE CONSTRUCTION OBJECT

https://doi.org/10.34031/2618-7183-2019-2-2-17-22
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 17-22 p.
Abstract
The article deals with the main causes of accidents of buildings and structures that occurred due to errors made at different stages of their life cycle (design, construction, operation). A brief analysis of the accidents that occurred from 2010 to 2017 in the Russian Federation is presented. The study of the causes of accidents makes it possible to understand better the laws of structures, buildings and structures, to identify errors that lead to emergencies. Such errors include: low quality of construction and installation works, deviation from the project in the construction of buildings and structures, the use of materials of inadequate quality, overload of load-bearing structures during operation. Also, the causes of accidents include defective engineering-geological and hydrogeological studies of the grounds. Analysis of accidents showed that the last few years there is no tendency to reduce the number of accidents of buildings and structures, which indicates an insufficient number of measures to prevent them. In the article the authors consider the examples of accidents in construction, which occurred due to the main reasons, and ways to prevent accidents in the future.
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